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Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation.
Abstract
Recent discussions of emotion regulation in infants and young children have focused on the individual differences that exist in this domain of development. Such differences may be seen at the outcome level, in terms of variations in the development of particular strategies as a result of infant or caregiver effects. In this essay, a general hypothetical pathway to emotion regulation and dysregulation comprising interactions among a number of internal and external factors thought to impinge on the emotion regulation process has been proposed. Relations among these factors were hypothesized, and examples of pathways to particular types of social behavior in a peer setting were advanced. It is suggested that empirical confirmation of these pathways would enhance our understanding of adaptive regulatory behavioral patterns as well as patterns that may be dysregulating and potentially place the child at risk for the development of psychopathological disorders. To be successful, such studies must include consideration of the reciprocal interaction between the infant's behavioral and cognitive traits and the caregiving environment over extended periods of early development.
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“The development of behavioral and physiological systems to regulate emotion occurs rapidly in early infancy and is dependent on experience and, most important, experience in social interactions with parents (Calkins, 1994;Gunnar & Donzella, 2002;Schore, 2000;Tronick, 1989).”
From Infants' vagal regulation in the still-face paradigm is related to dyadic coordination of mother–infant interaction (2004) · cites this paper as Calkins, 1994
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“These fndings highlight key aspects such as the quality of the educator-student relationship [6, 19, 21], the educa-tor’s level of emotional intelligence [26], and education towards emotion regulation [22].”
Verhagen, C., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., de Waal, N., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5401527
Braungart‐Rieker, J. M., & Hill, A. L. (2005) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-483-020251007
MARRIAGE, PARENTING, AND CHILD SELF-CONTROL
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Rundle, J. (2004) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)
Bunz, M., Derhardt, R., Schreiber, F., Seehagen, S., & Schneider, S. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04935-2
Parental Accommodation and Pediatric Anxiety: Moderating Effect of Emotion Regulation
Realbuto, E., Feler, B., DuBois, M. C., Abduganieva, M., & Flessner, C. A. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02068-6
Variables Associated with Peer Competence of Neglected Children
Moon, H.-J. (2009)
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Hourigan, S. E. (2009) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/ag1a-9b26
Metadata
- Authors
- Calkins, S. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calkins, Susan D
- ORCID
- Calkins, Susan D
- Venue
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1994-02
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 53-72
- ISSN
- 0037-976X (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5834
- OpenAlex
- W2061782744
- Cited by
- 545
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, individual differences, infants, young children, emotional dysregulation, developmental pathways, psychopathology risk, reciprocal interaction, early development
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Child, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Exploratory Behavior, Humans, Individuality, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Interpersonal Relations
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