The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing?
Abstract
Meta‐analyses of research using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) show that these models explain on average between 40% and 50% of the variance in intention, and between 19% and 38% of the variance in behavior. This paper evaluates the performance of these models in predicting and explaining intentions and behavior. It discusses the distinction between prediction and explanation, the different standards of comparison against which predictive performance can be judged, the use of percentage of variance explained as a measure of effect size, and presents 9 reasons why the models do not always predict as well as we would like them to do.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888 · Cited by 7,611
Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209170 · Cited by 3,867
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480
Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research
Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x · Cited by 3,344
The Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review of its Applications to Health-Related Behaviors
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87 · Cited by 3,185
Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.199 · Cited by 567
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- 10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.129 · DOI · Paper page
- Ajzen I., 1988, Attitudes, personality, and behavior
- Ajzen I., 1996, The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior, 385
- 10.1016/S1057-7408(08)80057-5 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/019251 · DOI · Paper page
- Cohen J., 1988, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
- 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · Paper page
- Cohen J., 1983, Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences
- 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00601.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1123/jsep.15.1.50 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00837.x · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00837.x
- Eagly A. H., 1993, The psychology of attitudes
- 10.1086/296148 · doi:10.1086/296148
- 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01886.x · DOI
- Fishbein M., 1975, Belief; attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research
- Hoorens V., 1994, Social psychology and health: European perspectives, 153
- Manstead A. S. R., 1995, European Review of Social Psychology, 69
- 10.1177/135910539600100102 · DOI
- Menard S., 1995, Applied logistic regression analysis
- Orbell S., 1998, Inclined abstainers”: A problem for predicting health‐related behaviour
- 10.1017/CBO9780511527722.014 · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527722.014
- 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01037.x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02713.x · DOI · Paper page
- Sheeran P., Do intentions predict condom use? Meta‐analysis and examination of six moderator variables, British Journal of Social Psychology
- Sutton S. R., 1989, Smoking and human behavior, 289
- Sutton S. R., 1994, Social psychology and health: European perspectives, 71
- 10.1080/08870449608404993 · DOI
- Sutton S. R., 1997, Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine, 177
- 10.1136/jech.48.1.65 · DOI · Paper page
- Sutton S. R., 1987, Explaining smokers' decisions to stop: Test of an expectancy‐value approach, Social Behaviour, 2, 35
- 10.1136/jech.49.4.413 · DOI
- Putte B., 1993, On the theory of reasoned action
- 10.1016/0022-1031(85)90017-4 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Perceived Behavioral Control, Self‐Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior 1
Ajzen, I. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x · Cited by 7,629
Nature and Operation of Attitudes
Ajzen, I. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27 · Cited by 4,321
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249 · Cited by 3,732
Intention—Behavior Relations: A Conceptual and Empirical Review
Sheeran, P. (2002) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792772143000003 · Cited by 3,688
Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research
Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x · Cited by 3,344
Metadata
- Authors
- Sutton, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1317-1338
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2036969276
- Cited by
- 1,026
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 21.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01679.x
- The paper
- Sutton, S. (1998). Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing? Journal of Applied Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01679.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.