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Cited by 49Music History and CultureSocial and Intergroup PsychologyCrime, Deviance, and Social Control

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Who's Afraid of Rap: Differential Reactions to Music Lyrics1

Fried, Carrie B.·1999·Journal of Applied Social Psychology
DOI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02020.x
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Abstract

This research examines the recent public outcry against violent rap songs. It was hypothesized that rap music receives more negative criticism than do other types of music, regardless of the actual content of the lyrics. Participants read a violent lyrical passage and were led to believe that it was either a rap song or a country song. They then responded to how offensive and dangerous they thought the song was. The results support the hypothesis. When a violent lyrical passage was represented as a rap song, reactions to the lyrics were significantly more negative. Age, whether or not the participants had children, and the participants’ music tastes and buying habits were all significantly related to whether or not this biased judgment occurred. The findings are briefly discussed in terms of various models of racism and stereotyping.

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Citations

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Show all 28 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Allport G. W., 1979, The nature of prejudice
  2. Cummins B., 1992, Newsweek critique gives rap a typical bad rap. (Media weren't listening), St. Louis Journalism Review, 22, 10
  3. Douglas S., 1995, Nightmares of depravity. (Bob Dole's attacks on media), The Progressive, 59, 18
  4. Dunham R. S., 1995, Gunning for the gangstas (anti‐rap music activist), Business Week, 41
  5. Farley C. J., 1997, Rhyme or reason? (Murders of rap stars Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G.), Time, 149, 44
  6. Holland B., 1994, NAACP joins in anti‐gansta fray, Billboard, 6
  7. Jackson H., 1992, Media must face the music or risk repeat of L.A. (Social relevance of rap among Black youths), St. Louis Journalism Review, 22, 10
  8. 10.1207/s15324834basp1601&2_2 · DOI
  9. Leland J., 1992, The Ice man concedeth, Newsweek, 120, 50
  10. Light A., 1993, Ice‐T's declaration of independence, Rolling Stone, 9
  11. McLaren P., 1995, Gangsta pedagogy and ghetto ethnicity. (Origins and effects of gangsta rap), Socialist Review, 25, 9
  12. Neely K., 1992, Cop Killer” aftershocks, Rolling Stone, 32
  13. Noe D., 1995, Parallel worlds: The surprising similarities (and differences) of country‐and‐western and rap, The Humanist, 55, 20

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Metadata

Authors
Fried, C. B.
Affiliations
Indiana University South Bend (US)
Corresponding author
Fried, Carrie B.
Venue
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1999-04
Volume
29
Issue
4
Pages
705-721
ISSN
  • 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
  • 1559-1816
DOI
10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02020.x
OpenAlex
W1987751494
Cited by
49
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3
FWCI
9.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2678 d)
Locations
Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Music History and Culture
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Deviance, and Social Control
Keywords
rap music, song lyrics, racial bias, stereotyping, music taste, age differences, having children

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Who's Afraid of Rap: Differential Reactions to Music Lyrics1. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02020.x
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Fried, C. B. (1999). Who's Afraid of Rap: Differential Reactions to Music Lyrics1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02020.x