Nitrate reduction to ammonia by enteric bacteria: redundancy, or a strategy for survival during oxygen starvation?

Cole, Jeff

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08017.x

Cited by 195Bacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyWastewater Treatment and Nitrogen RemovalEscherichia coli research studies

Nitrate reduction to ammonia by enteric bacteria: redundancy, or a strategy for survival during oxygen starvation?

Cole, Jeff·1996·FEMS Microbiology Letters

DOI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08017.x

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Abstract

Anaerobic metabolism of the simplest, best understood enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli is unexpectedly complex. Recent studies of the biochemistry and genetics of nitrate reduction via nitrite to ammonia by enteric bacteria have provided insights into the reasons for this complexity. An NADH-dependent nitrite reductase in the cytoplasm works in partnership with the respiratory nitrate reductase on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane when nitrate is abundant. There is also an electrogenic, formate-dependent nitrite reductase ready to work in partnership with a periplasmic nitrate reductase when nitrite is available but nitrate is scarce. A third E. coli nitrate reductase, NarZYWV, and the poorly expressed formate dehydrogenase O possibly facilitate rapid adaptation to oxygen starvation pending the synthesis of the major respiratory formate-nitrate oxidoreductase. Although most anaerobically expressed genes are subject to transcription control, none of them are totally switched off. This enables the bacteria to be ready for a change in fortune: when growing anaerobically with nitrate, they can respond equally rapidly whether times get better with the arrival of oxygen, or get worse when the nitrate is depleted. Far from being redundant, the complexity is essential for survival in a changing environment.

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The ability to switch metabolism from aerobic to largely nitrate-driven anaerobic is a requirement for microbial survival in the GI tract.
“it rapidly becomes clear that the ability to switch metabolism from aerobic to largely nitrate-driven anaerobic is a requirement for microbial survival[267–269].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [269]

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Authors: Cole, J.
Affiliations: University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Cole, Jeff
Venue: FEMS Microbiology Letters
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1996-02
Volume: 136
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-11
ISSN: 0378-1097 (ISSN-L)
1574-6968
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08017.x
OpenAlex: W2153023589
Cited by: 195
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: FEMS Microbiology Letters (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Escherichia coli research studies
Keywords: nitrate reduction, enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli, respiratory nitrate reductase, periplasmic nitrate reductase, oxygen deprivation, anaerobic metabolism, gene expression regulation, metabolic redundancy, adaptation to environmental change
MeSH terms: Ammonia, Anaerobiosis, Animals, Cytochrome c Group, Cytoplasm, Electron Transport, Environment, Escherichia coli, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Nitrate Reductases, Nitrates, Nitrites, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen, Nitrate Reductase

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Nitrate reduction to ammonia by enteric bacteria: redundancy, or a strategy for survival during oxygen starvation?

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