Generation of NO by probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria elicit a number of beneficial effects in the gut but the mechanisms for these health promoting effects are not entirely understood. Recent in vitro data suggest that lactobacilli can utilise nitrate and nitrite to generate nitric oxide, a gas with immunomodulating and antibacterial properties. Here we further characterised intestinal NO generation by bacteria. In rats, dietary supplementation with lactobacilli and nitrate resulted in a 3-8 fold NO increase in the small intestine and caecum, but not in colon. Caecal NO levels correlated to nitrite concentration in luminal contents. In neonates, colonic NO levels correlated to the nitrite content of breast milk and faeces. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria isolated from the stools of two neonates, generated NO from nitrite in vitro, whereas S. aureus and E. coli rapidly consumed NO. We here show that commensal bacteria can be a significant source of NO in the gut in addition to the mucosal NO production. Intestinal NO generation can be stimulated by dietary supplementation with substrate and lactobacilli. The generation of NO by some probiotic bacteria can be counteracted by rapid NO consumption by other strains. Future studies will clarify the biological role of the bacteria-derived intestinal NO in health and disease.
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There was decreased NO generation in a polymicrobial culture containing NO-consuming bacteria in rats.
“Similarly, there was decreased NO generation in a polymicrobial culture containing NO-consuming bacteria in rats[217].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
Commensal gut bacteria are able to directly produce NO and also modify NO production.
“commensal gut bacteria are able to directly produce NO and also modify NO production, potentially influencing regional blood flow, mucosal integrity, microbial diversity, and effective nitrate and nitrite uptake.”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
Many bacteria are capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite to NO via the denitrification pathway.
“Many bacteria are capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite to NO via the denitrification pathway.”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
Lactobacilli, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium increase cecal NO production when supplied with nitrate.
“while Lactobacilli, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium all increase cecal NO production when supplied with nitrate[217,233,271,278].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria generate NO from nitrite in culture.
“both Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria have been shown to generate NO from nitrite in culture”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
In polymicrobial environments, Lactobacilli engage in advantageous, mutualistic interactions with other bacteria to survive under hypoxia and alter NO generation.
“In polymicrobial environments, Lactobacilli engage in advantageous, mutualistic interactions with other bacteria to survive under hypoxia and alter NO generation[217,413]”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
L. rhamnosus is capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite.
“the commonly available probiotic strain, L. rhamnosus, is capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite[217]”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
L. rhamnosus produces NO in the gut in response to oral nitrate administration.
“producing NO in the gut in response to oral nitrate administration[74,217,278]”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [217]
The normal bacterial flora generates NO and gut luminal NO levels have been measured in vivo in rats.
“More recently, the normal bacterial flora has been shown to generate NO and gut luminal NO levels have been measured in vivo in rats [15,16].”
From Nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitric oxide and ammonia by gut bacteria under physiological conditions (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Sobko, T., Huang, L., Midtvedt, T., Norin, E., Gustafsson, L. E., Norman, M., Jansson, E. Å., & Lundberg, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Sobko, Tanja
- Venue
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 985-991
- ISSN
- 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093280926
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Hjärt-Lungfonden
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Ekhagastiftelsen
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, probiotic bacteria, lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium, nitrate, nitrite, gastrointestinal tract, commensal bacteria, nitrate supplementation, neonates, breast milk, cecum, small intestine, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, gut microbiota
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cecum, Colon, Female, Gastric Mucosa, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Intestine, Small, Male, Nitric Oxide, Stomach, Rats, Wistar, Probiotics, Delivery, Obstetric, Rats, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
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