Update on macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone resistance genes: MLSKO genes

Roberts, Marilyn C.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01145.x

Cited by 392Antibiotic Resistance in BacteriaAntimicrobial Resistance in StaphylococcusBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

Update on macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone resistance genes: MLSKO genes

Roberts, Marilyn C.·2008·FEMS Microbiology Letters

DOI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01145.x

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Abstract

This Minireview summarizes the changes in the field of bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone (MLSKO) antibiotics since the nomenclature review in 1999. A total of 66 genes conferring resistance to this group of antibiotics has now been identified and includes 13 new rRNA methylase genes, four ATP-binding transporter genes coding for efflux proteins, and five new inactivating enzymes. During this same time period, 73 new genera carrying known rRNA methylase genes and 87 new genera carrying known efflux and/or inactivating genes have been recognized. The number of bacteria with mutations in the genes for 23S rRNA, L4 and L22 ribosomal proteins, resulting in reduced susceptibility to some members of the group of MLSKO antibiotics has also increased and now includes nine different Gram-positive and 10 different Gram-negative genera. New conjugative transposons carrying different MLSKO genes along with an increased number of antibiotics and/or heavy metal resistance genes have been identified. These mobile elements may play a role in the continued spread of the MLSKO resistance genes into new species, genera, and ecosystems.

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These erm genes are widely distributed and have now been found in over 30 different bacterial genera.
“Importantly, these genes are widely distributed and have now been found in over 30 different bacterial genera (64).”
From Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance (2016) · cites this paper as [64]

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Authors: Roberts, M. C.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author: Roberts, Marilyn C.
ORCID: Roberts, Marilyn C.
Venue: FEMS Microbiology Letters
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2008-04-09
Volume: 282
Issue: 2
Pages: 147-159
ISSN: 0378-1097 (ISSN-L)
1574-6968
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01145.x
OpenAlex: W1748215068
Cited by: 392
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 1.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: FEMS Microbiology Letters (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords: macrolide resistance, lincosamide resistance, streptogramin resistance, oxazolidinone resistance, antibiotic resistance genes, efflux pumps, 23S rRNA mutations, conjugative transposons, mobile genetic elements, horizontal gene transfer, nomenclature
MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacteria, Ribosomes, RNA, Ribosomal, Macrolides, Oxazolidinones, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Streptogramins, Ketolides, Lincosamides

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Update on macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone resistance genes: MLSKO genes

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