New Cohort Fertility Forecasts for the Developed World: Rises, Falls, and Reversals
Abstract
With period fertility having risen in many low‐fertility countries, an important emerging question is whether cohort fertility trends are also reversing. We produce new estimates of cohort fertility for 37 developed countries using a new, simple method that avoids the underestimation typical of previous approaches. Consistent with the idea that timing changes were largely responsible for the last decades' low period fertility, we find that family size has remained considerably higher than the period rates of 1.5 in many “low‐fertility” countries, averaging about 1.8 children. Our forecasts suggest that the long‐term decline in cohort fertility is flattening or reversing in many world regions previously characterized by low fertility. We document the marked increase of cohort fertility in the English‐speaking world and in Scandinavia; signs of an upward reversal in many low‐fertility countries, including Japan and Germany; and continued declines in countries such as Taiwan and Portugal. We include in our forecasts estimates of statistical uncertainty and the possible effects of the recent economic recession.
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This estimate ranks Korea, alongside Japan, Italy, and Spain, among countries with the lowest cohort fertility globally.
“This estimate ranks Korea, alongside Japan, Italy, and Spain, among countries with the lowest cohort fertility globally (Myrskylä, Goldstein, and Cheng 2013).”
From Ultra-low fertility in South Korea: The role of the tempo effect (2018) · cites this paper as Myrskylä, Goldstein, and Cheng 2013
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Advances in development reverse fertility declines
Myrskylä, M., Kohler, H.-P., & Billari, F. C. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08230 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Self-citationCohort fertility patterns in the Nordic countries
Andersson, G., Rønsen, M., Knudsen, L. B., Lappegård, T., Neyer, G., Skrede, K., Teschner, K., & Vikat, A. (2009) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2009.20.14 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations
Feyrer, J., Sacerdote, B., & Stern, A. D. (2008) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.22.3.3 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
East Asian Childbearing Patterns and Policy Developments
Frejka, T., Jones, G. W., & Sardon, J. (2010) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00347.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
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Re‐theorizing Family Demographics
Esping‐Andersen, G., & Billari, F. C. (2015) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00024.x · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Two Is Best? The Persistence of a Two‐Child Family Ideal in Europe
Sobotka, T., & Beaujouan, É. (2014) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00691.x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations
Feyrer, J., Sacerdote, B., & Stern, A. D. (2008) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.22.3.3 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Cohort fertility decline in low fertility countries: Decomposition using parity progression ratios
Zeman, K., Beaujouan, E., Brzozowska, Z., & Sobotka, T. (2018) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2018.38.25 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Ultra-low fertility in South Korea: The role of the tempo effect
Yoo, S. H., & Sobotka, T. (2018) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2018.38.22 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“This estimate ranks Korea, alongside Japan, Italy, and Spain, among countries with the lowest cohort fertility globally (Myrskylä, Goldstein, and Cheng 2013).”
BackgroundFertility in High-Income Countries: Trends, Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences
Bloom, D. E., Kuhn, M., & Prettner, K. (2024) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-081523-013750 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Low fertility and fertility policies in the Asia-Pacific region
Boydell, V., Mori, R., Shahrook, S., & Gietel-Basten, S. (2023) · Global Health & Medicine · doi:10.35772/ghm.2023.01058 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Fertility Transition Revisited: A Cohort Perspective
Frejka, T. (2017) · Comparative Population Studies · doi:10.12765/cpos-2017-09 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fertility in High-Income Countries: Trends, Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences
Bloom, D. E., Kuhn, M., & Prettner, K. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4597716 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Myrskylä, M., Goldstein, J. R., & Cheng, Y. A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (DE)
- Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Venue
- Population and Development Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-56
- ISSN
- 0098-7921 (ISSN-L)
- 1728-4457
- OpenAlex
- W1975597326
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 54.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Population and Development Review (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Keywords
- cohort fertility, fertility prediction, low fertility, fertility reversal, family size, period fertility, fertility timing, developed countries, statistical uncertainty, English-speaking countries, Scandinavia, Japan, Germany
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