The DOI matches its Crossref record; 221 of the 221 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Rethinking Rumination
Open accessAbstract
The response styles theory ( Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991 ) was proposed to explain the insidious relationship between rumination and depression. We review the aspects of the response styles theory that have been well-supported, including evidence that rumination exacerbates depression, enhances negative thinking, impairs problem solving, interferes with instrumental behavior, and erodes social support. Next, we address contradictory and new findings. Specifically, rumination appears to more consistently predict the onset of depression rather than the duration, but rumination interacts with negative cognitive styles to predict the duration of depressive symptoms. Contrary to original predictions, the use of positive distractions has not consistently been correlated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in correlational studies, although dozens of experimental studies show positive distractions relieve depressed mood. Further, evidence now suggests that rumination is associated with psychopathologies in addition to depression, including anxiety, binge eating, binge drinking, and self-harm. We discuss the relationships between rumination and worry and between rumination and other coping or emotion-regulation strategies. Finally, we highlight recent research on the distinction between rumination and more adaptive forms of self-reflection, on basic cognitive deficits or biases in rumination, on its neural and genetic correlates, and on possible interventions to combat rumination.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A core feature of distress disorders is the engagement of maladaptive self-referential processes, including the metacognitive processes of worry and rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Wells, 2005).”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of DM have been frequently associated with lower levels of rumination28,29 and lower levels of depression and anxiety.30”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, rumination delays adaptive coping strategies and increases avoidant coping strategies (37, 42).”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The literature quotes psychological inflexibility as asusceptibility factor for depression, because it is characterised by apermanent, rigid style of reacting with rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema et al . 2008).”
From Effectiveness of a training programme based on acceptance and commitment therapy aimed at older adults – no moderating role of cognitive functioning (2021) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al . 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In particular, much of the psychological theorizing about the nature of GAD and MDD in terms of disruption of mind and body has been predicated on a functional relationship between the kinds and intensity of visceral and psychological sensations that one experiences (i.e., motivational intensity) and the ways by which one attempts to respond to their arising (i.e., negative self-referentiality; B”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several studies found that the practice of mindfulness was possibly able to clarify the effects of rumination as a self-critical questioning of one's own emotions and circumstances.22,23”
From Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: A review of the literature (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Theorists (e.g., Borkovec et al., 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Watkins, 2008) have argued that NSRP including worry and rumination becomes negatively reinforced by the reduction in aversive emotions.”
From What, me worry and ruminate about dsm-5 and rdoc? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing (2013) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Repetitive negative thinking (RNT), which includes worry and rumination, is both a risk factor for and a common symptom of anxiety and depression15–17”
From An exploration into the relationship between insomnia and repetitive negative thinking among cancer survivors. (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A capacity to change cognitions and relinquish one’s original interpretation may undermine passive, repetitive elaborative processes central to transdiagnostic psychopathology (e.g., rumination; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008) and promote flexibility that allows for more effective, rather than habitual, behavioral reactions.”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“an important strand of research on cognition in depression has identified rumination as a vulnerability factor for depression (Nolen Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Nolen Hoeksema et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“RNT is a well-established vulnerability factor for depression symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
From The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty (2016) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“rumination, a repetitive negative thinking pattern associated with depressive and anxiety disorders [93,94]”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The pain experienced by patients with TS is due to the ironic process of thought inhibition (36), suggesting that avoidant and repressive coping strategies may be adaptive in the short term but do not provide much help in eventual problem-solving (37).”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Considering that rumination increases depression and negative thoughts and impairs problem- solving abilities (37), self-blame may have a negative effect on the overall cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of children with TS.”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rumination and worry constitute forms of negative self-absorption (Ingram, 1990; Mor & Winquist, 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008) that prevents the individual from relating in an adaptive manner to current situations and challenges.”
From Participant experiences of change in mindfulness-based stress reduction for anxiety disorders. (2020) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“RNT has been linked with sleep difficulties in various populations, both with and without psychiatric diagnoses.15”
From An exploration into the relationship between insomnia and repetitive negative thinking among cancer survivors. (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The genetic risk of depression is likely due to small effects of hundreds or thousands of common genetic variants, with overrepresentation of genes affecting brain development, inflammation, bioenergetics and neuronal signalling.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [262]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The pain experienced by patients with TS is due to the ironic process of thought inhibition (36), suggesting that avoidant and repressive coping strategies may be adaptive in the short term but do not provide much help in eventual problem-solving (37).”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It has been shown that both worrying and rumination become negatively reinforced by the reduction in aversive emotions (Borkovec et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
In the citing paper
“rumination can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors,58”
From A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“NSRPs are common processes in many forms of psychopathology, including GAD and MDD, and includes repetitive or perseverative thought (Watkins, 2008) such as rumination (e.g., repetitive thinking about past mistakes aimed at reducing distress related to perceived losses; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008) and worry (e.g., repetitive thinking about future events aimed at reducing distress that arises from”
From Emotion Regulation Therapy: A Mechanism-Targeted Treatment for Disorders of Distress (2017) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Rather than effectively engaging adaptive emotion regulation strategies, individuals with distress disorders alternatively utilize perseverative strategies that may be employed to compensate for a negative emotional state, chiefly by enveloping it in elaborative negative self-referential processing (Borkovec et al., 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008; Mennin and Fresco, 2013).”
From Emotion Regulation Therapy: A Mechanism-Targeted Treatment for Disorders of Distress (2017) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The large number of common variants involved 262-264 entails that every individual carries some risk variants for depression, and a polygenic score (indexing the individual's load of risk variants) predicts the genetic liability to depression better than any specific genetic variant. 265”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“Where initially rumination may be goaldirected and engage attentional resources, persistent rumination is characterized by reduced quality of thinking with attention being deployed to negative thoughts in a less constructive way (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
From Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis (2011) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“with evidence that this may in part be due to interference with effective problem solving, engagement in instrumental rewarding behaviours or access to social support, which have been proposed as mediators of the negative effects of rumination (Lyubomirsky & Tkach, 2004;Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008;E. R. Watkins, 2008).”
From Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
In the citing paper
“Research in non-cardiac populations suggests these factors may be important in explaining the association of rumination with depression (Lyubomirsky & Tkach, 2004;Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008;E. R. Watkins, 2008)”
From Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“For example, rumination is a risk factor for psychological distress and depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 2008)”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“Ample evidence has suggested that poor regulatory skills constitute a vulnerability and maintenance feature among a wide range of mental disorders (Rottenberg et al., 2005; Mennin and Farach, 2007; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
From New Technologies for the Understanding, Assessment, and Intervention of Emotion Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · cited 1×
“Using self-report measures, Gross and John (2003) found that people who often use reappraisal experience more positive well-being and interpersonal functioning, whereas people who often use emotional suppression experience less positive well-being and interpersonal functioning.”
MethodAssessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507
Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195135336.001.0001 · Cited by 9,158
Journal of social behavior and personality
(1986) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90025-5 · Cited by 6,751
An Analysis of Coping in a Middle-Aged Community Sample
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136617 · Cited by 6,361
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl004 · Cited by 5,128
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3595 · Cited by 4,970
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
HOLLON, S. D., & BECK, A. T. (1979) · Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404480-7.50012-5 · Cited by 4,685
Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Barlow D.H., 2002, Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic
- 10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.218 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-843X.95.2.107 · DOI
- Fritz H.L., 1999, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences & Engineering, 60, 0410
- 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 · DOI · Paper page
- Gross J.J., 2007, Handbook of emotion regulation, 3
- 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152 · DOI · Paper page
- Ito T., 2002, Japanese Journal of Counseling Science, 35, 40
- Ito T., 2003, Japanese Journal of Counseling Science, 36, 1
- Joiner T.E., 2002, Handbook of depression, 295
- Joormann J., Gotlib I.H. (2005, November). Inhibitory dysfunction, rumination, and mood regulation in depression. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC. · DOI
- Lewinsohn P.M., 1984, The coping with depression course
- 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.166 · DOI
- Lyubomirsky S., 2004, Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment, 21
- 10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1041 · DOI
- Martin L.L., 1996, Ruminative thoughts, 1
- 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1424 · DOI
- McLaughlin K., 2006, Worry, need of control, and other core cognitive constructs in anxiety and eating disorders, 37
- 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504 · DOI · Paper page
- Nolen-Hoeksema S., 2004, Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment, 107
- Nolen-Hoeksema S., 1999, Coping with loss
- Papageorgiou C., 2004, Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment
- Raes F., 2003, Gedragstherapie, 36, 97
- Schwartz J.L., 1995, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 849
- 10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.350 · DOI
- Stöber J., 1996, Processes and the molar regulation of behavior, 105
- 10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.1076 · DOI
- Swann W.B., 1990, Handbook of motivation and cognition, 2, 408
- Thase M.E., 2002, Handbook of depression, 192
- Weissman M.M., 2002, Handbook of depression, 404
- 10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,136
A longitudinal view of rumination, poor sleep and psychological distress in adolescents
Mazzer, K., Boersma, K., & Linton, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.053 · Cited by 56
Nipping Temptation in the Bud: Examining Strategic Self-Control in Daily Life
Williamson, L. Z., & Wilkowski, B. M. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219883606 · Cited by 57
Arwert, T. G., & Sizoo, B. B. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04372-z · Cited by 59
Is Rumination after Bereavement Linked with Loss Avoidance? Evidence from Eye-Tracking
Eisma, M. C., Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M., van den Bout, J., Stroebe, W., & Boelen, P. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104980 · Cited by 56
Gerace, A., Day, A., Casey, S., & Mohr, P. (2017) · Journal of Relationships Research · doi:10.1017/jrr.2017.8 · Cited by 55
Leger, K. A., Charles, S. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2019) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-019-00001-w · Cited by 62
Pyszkowska, A., & Rönnlund, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671746 · Cited by 61
Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic cognitive process
Moulds, M. L., & McEvoy, P. M. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00399-6 · Cited by 55
Wagner, G., Schachtzabel, C., Peikert, G., & Bär, K. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22807 · Cited by 60
Wahl, K., Schönfeld, S., Hissbach, J. C., Küsel, S., Zurowski, B., Moritz, S., Hohagen, F., & Kordon, A. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.03.002 · Cited by 55
Dwelling on ‘Road Rage’: The effects of trait rumination on aggressive driving
Suhr, K. A., & Nesbit, S. M. (2013) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2013.10.001 · Cited by 56
Stigma consciousness and prejudice ambiguity: Can it be adaptive to perceive the world as biased?
Wang, K., Stroebe, K. E., & Dovidio, J. F. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.021 · Cited by 55
Self-generated thoughts and depression: from daydreaming to depressive symptoms
Marchetti, I., de Putte, E. V., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00131 · Cited by 60
Self-compassion, a better alternative to rumination than distraction as a response to negative mood
Odou, N., & Brinker, J. (2015) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.967800 · Cited by 55
Bullying: The impact of teacher management and trait emotional intelligence
Casas, J. A., Ruiz, R. O., & Rey, R. D. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12082 · Cited by 70
de Bruin, W. B., Dombrovski, A. Y., Parker, A. M., & Szántó, K. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1882 · Cited by 59
van der Kaap‐Deeder, J., Soenens, B., Boone, L., Vandenkerckhove, B., Stemgée, E., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.063 · Cited by 63
Contardi, A., Imperatori, C., Penzo, I., Gatto, C. D., & Farina, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01068 · Cited by 55
Jaaniste, T., Coombs, S., Donnelly, T. J., Kelk, N., & Beston, D. (2017) · Children · doi:10.3390/children4110096 · Cited by 59
Devynck, F., Kornacka, M., Baeyens, C., Serra, E., das Neves, J. F., Gaudrat, B., Delille, C., Taquet, P., Depraete, O., Tison, P., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02159 · Cited by 61
Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Papousek, I., Fink, A., Weber, H., Rominger, C., & Weiss, E. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00553 · Cited by 61
Thorsteinsson, E., Brown, R. F., & Owens, M. T. (2019) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000973 · Cited by 55
Feurer, C., Jimmy, J., Chang, F., Langenecker, S. A., Phan, K. L., Ajilore, O., & Klumpp, H. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23142 · Cited by 56
Affective Benefits of Nature Contact: The Role of Rumination
Bratman, G. N., Young, G., Mehta, A., Lee Babineaux, I., Daily, G. C., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643866 · Cited by 54
Nielsen, C., Studer, R. K., Hildebrandt, H., Nater, U. M., Wild, P. P., Danuser, B., & Gomez, P. (2017) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735617706539 · Cited by 54
Farber, R., Wedell, E., Herchenroeder, L., Dickter, C. L., Pearson, M. R., & Bravo, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00778-8 · Cited by 60
Strauss, C., Thomas, N., & Hayward, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01154 · Cited by 56
Rumination subtypes in relation to problematic substance use in adolescence
Willem, L., Bijttebier, P., Claes, L., & Raes, F. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.020 · Cited by 59
Veale, D. M., & Gilbert, P. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.005 · Cited by 63
Manicavasagar, V. L., Perich, T., & Parker, G. B. (2011) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465811000634 · Cited by 59
Schmidt, D., Seehagen, S., Vocks, S., Schneider, S., & Teismann, T. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9759-z · Cited by 58
Heleniak, C. M., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12328 · Cited by 62
Grynberg, D., & López‐Pérez, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194248 · Cited by 58
Carpita, B., Carmassi, C., Calderoni, S., Muti, D., Muscarella, A., Massimetti, G., Cremone, I. M., Gesi, C., Conti, E., Muratori, F., et al. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852919001615 · Cited by 59
Rumination and body dissatisfaction interact to predict concurrent binge eating
Gordon, K. H., Holm‐Denoma, J. M., Troop‐Gordon, W., & Sand, E. C. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.04.001 · Cited by 65
Fingelkurts, A. A., & Fingelkurts, A. A. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.020 · Cited by 55
Thomas, J., Barbato, M., Verlinden, M., Gaspar, C., Moussa, M., Ghorayeb, J., Menon, A., Figueiras, M. J., Arora, T., & Bentall, R. P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564172 · Cited by 56
Dell’Osso, L., Cremone, I. M., Amatori, G., Cappelli, A., Cuomo, A., Barlati, S., Massimetti, G., Vita, A., Fagiolini, A. M., Carmassi, C., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050621 · Cited by 54
McCarthy, J. M., Truxillo, D. M., Bauer, T. N., Erdoğan, B., Shao, Y., Wang, M., Liff, J., & Gardner, C. L. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000943 · Cited by 57
Vihari, N. S., Sinha, N. K., Tyagi, A., & Mittal, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1012331 · Cited by 62
Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B., Gier-Lonsway, S. L., & Jencius, S. T. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.020 · Cited by 53
An examination of trait, spontaneous and instructed emotion regulation in dysphoria
Quigley, L., & Dobson, K. S. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.848786 · Cited by 56
Kinser, P. A., & Lyon, D. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.249 · Cited by 53
Aldao, A. (2012) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11843 · Cited by 62
Luo, Y., Zhu, R., Ju, E., & You, X. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.028 · Cited by 56
Allen, T. D. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928286.013.0034 · Cited by 54
Procrastination is linked with insomnia symptoms: The moderating role of morningness-eveningness
Hairston, I. S., & Shpitalni, R. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.031 · Cited by 53
Williams, D. P., Feeling, N. R., Hill, L. K., Spangler, D. P., Koenig, J., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00520 · Cited by 61
Chen, X., Pu, J., Shi, W., & Zhou, Y. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9740-3 · Cited by 57
Kowalski, C. M., & Schermer, J. A. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118800444 · Cited by 53
Ying, J., You, J., Liu, S., & Wu, R. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104992 · Cited by 55
Fredrick, J. W., Kofler, M. J., Jarrett, M. A., Burns, G. L., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Harmon, S. L., & Becker, S. P. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.016 · Cited by 52
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9705-5 · Cited by 52
Behrendt, D., Ebert, D. D., Spiegelhalder, K., & Lehr, D. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13346 · Cited by 52
Does worry affect adjustment to bereavement? A longitudinal investigation
Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., Schut, H. A. W., & Stroebe, M. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1229464 · Cited by 52
A pathway for wisdom-focused education
Huynh, A. C., & Grossmann, I. (2018) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2018.1496903 · Cited by 59
Raffaelli, Q., Mills, C., de Stefano, N.-A., Mehl, M. R., Chambers, K., Fitzgerald, S. A., Wilcox, R. R., Kalina Christoff, A., Andrews, E. S., Grilli, M. D., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98138-x · Cited by 56
Mood-as-input hypothesis and perseverative psychopathologies
Meeten, F., & Davey, G. C. L. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.08.002 · Cited by 52
Abela, J. R. Z., Hankin, B. L., Sheshko, D. M., Fishman, M. B., & Stolow, D. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9563-x · Cited by 58
Assessing Secondary Control and its Association with Youth Depression Symptoms
Weisz, J. R., Francis, S. E. B., & Bearman, S. K. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9440-z · Cited by 53
Strategies for coping with career indecision: Concurrent and predictive validity
Lipshits‐Braziler, Y., Gati, I., & Tatar, M. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.10.004 · Cited by 52
Maraldo, T. M., Zhou, W., Dowling, J., & Wal, J. S. V. (2016) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.10.008 · Cited by 59
Zhang, Y., Peters, A. B., & Bradstreet, J. (2017) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2017.12.004 · Cited by 52
Khazanov, G. K., Ruscio, A. M., & Swendsen, J. D. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.05.008 · Cited by 57
Ophir, Y., Asterhan, C. S. C., & Schwarz, B. B. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.025 · Cited by 56
Mattering, Insecure Attachment, Rumination, and Self-Criticism in Distress Among University Students
Flett, G. L., Burdo, R., & Nepon, T. B. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00225-z · Cited by 58
Interacting effect of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and stressful life events on adolescent depression
Chen, J., Li, X., & McGue, M. (2012) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00843.x · Cited by 56
De Witte, N. A. J., Sütterlin, S., Braet, C., & Mueller, S. C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164615 · Cited by 47
Hill, L. K., & Hoggard, L. S. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001268 · Cited by 51
Emotion Regulation Regulates More Than Emotion
Gilbert, K., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Craske, M. G., & Adam, E. K. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616654437 · Cited by 51
Hostile attribution bias and angry rumination: A longitudinal study of undergraduate students
Yueyue, W., Cao, S., Dong, Y. H., & Xia, L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217759 · Cited by 51
Benschop, L., Poppa, T., Medani, T., Shahabi, H., Baeken, C., Leahy, R. M., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.081 · Cited by 51
Bell, I., Marx, W., Nguyen, K., Grace, S., Gleeson, J., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003373 · Cited by 59
Individual differences in resilience to stress are associated with affective flexibility
Rademacher, L., Kraft, D., Eckart, C., & Fiebach, C. J. (2022) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01779-4 · Cited by 57
Flouri, E., & Mavroveli, S. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2478 · Cited by 60
Huffziger, S., Ebner‐Priemer, U., EISENBACH, C., Koudela-Hamila, S., Reinhard, I., Zamoscik, V., Kirsch, P., & Kuehner, C. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.01.007 · Cited by 51
Submissive interpersonal style mediates the effect of brooding on future depressive symptoms
Pearson, K. A., Watkins, E. R., & Mullan, E. G. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.029 · Cited by 53
Turning the pink cloud grey: Dampening of positive affect predicts postpartum depressive symptoms
Raes, F., Smets, J., Wessel, I., Eede, F. V. D., Nelis, S., Franck, E., Jacquemyn, Y., & Hanssens, M. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.04.003 · Cited by 51
Polanco-Roman, L. A., Gomez, J., Miranda, R., & Jeglic, E. L. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9782-0 · Cited by 55
Lutz, J. G., Brühl, A. B., Scheerer, H., Jäncke, L., & Herwig, U. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.06.010 · Cited by 56
PTSD's risky behavior criterion: Relation with DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and psychopathology
Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., Dranger, P., Ruggero, C. J., & Armour, C. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.008 · Cited by 51
Collier, A. F., & Wayment, H. A. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9866-x · Cited by 51
Royuela-Colomer, E., Fernández‐González, L., & Orue, I. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01476-2 · Cited by 56
The prospective associations between financial scarcity and financial avoidance
Hilbert, L. P., Noordewier, M. K., & DIJK, W. W. V. (2021) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2021.102459 · Cited by 60
Mindfulness:A Transtherapeutic Approach for Transdiagnostic Mental Processes
Greeson, J., Garland, E. L., & Black, D. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch28 · Cited by 50
Music reception and emotional regulation in adolescence and adulthood
Leipold, B., & Loepthien, T. (2015) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864915570354 · Cited by 50
Arbuthnott, A. E., Lewis, S. P., & Bailey, H. N. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22115 · Cited by 58
Adaptive and maladaptive rumination in alexithymia and their relation with depressive symptoms
Schiena, R. D., Luminet, O., & Philippot, P. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.037 · Cited by 50
Establishing the situated features associated with perceived stress
Lebois, L. A. M., Hertzog, C. K., Slavich, G. M., Barrett, L. F., & Barsalou, L. W. (2016) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.012 · Cited by 53
Wang, S. B., & Borders, A. (2016) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0350-0 · Cited by 50
Harmon, S. L., Stephens, H. F., Repper, K. K., Driscoll, K. A., & Kistner, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1359788 · Cited by 50
Testing Direct and Indirect Ties of Self-Compassion with Subjective Well-Being
Booker, J. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0011-2 · Cited by 50
Kalmbach, D. A., Roth, T. G., Cheng, P., Ong, J. C., Rosenbaum, E., & Drake, C. L. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.11.011 · Cited by 54
Die Ruminationsfacetten Brooding und Reflection
Huffziger, S., & Kühner, C. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000118 · Cited by 55
Wahlund, T., Andersson, E., Jolstedt, M., Perrin, S., Vigerland, S., & Serlachius, E. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.06.002 · Cited by 49
Curtiss, J., & Klemanski, D. H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.062 · Cited by 48
Into the dark room: a predictive processing account of major depressive disorder
Fabry, R. E. (2019) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-019-09635-4 · Cited by 49
Pan, D., Hoid, D., Gu, R., & Li, X. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102488 · Cited by 53
Aydın, S., & Akın, B. (2022) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103740 · Cited by 49
Metadata
- Authors
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University
- Yale University (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 400-424
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W4211130665
- Semantic Scholar
- 369b741775686c14974158cb6b18893c95b9ae59
- Cited by
- 5,172
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 420 · 2025: 477 · 2024: 445 · 2023: 426 · 2022: 440 · 2021: 451 · 2020: 356 · 2019: 328 · 2018: 305 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 266 · 2015: 241 · 2014: 196 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 137
- FWCI
- 103.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- rumination, response styles theory, depression, negative cognitive style, positive distraction, worry, coping strategies, emotion regulation, self-reflection, cognitive biases, anxiety, binge eating, binge drinking, self-harm, social support
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
