Active coping moderates associations among race-related stress, rumination, and depressive symptoms in emerging adult African American women
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Cross-sectional and longitudinal research has shown that race-related stress is associated with increased depressive symptoms among racial/ethnic minorities. Rumination has long been considered a maladaptive self-regulatory response to race-related stress, and growing evidence suggests that it may be an important link in the relation between race-related stress and depression. More adaptive forms of self-regulation, such as active coping, may counteract the negative impact of rumination. We examined the influence of rumination on the relation between race-related stress and depressive symptoms in a sample ( N = 69) of young adult (mean age = 20 ± 1.5 years) African American women. We also considered the possible moderating effects of John Henryism, a form of persistent and determined goal striving, and vagally mediated heart rate variability, a purported biomarker of coping. Anticipatory race-related stress was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through rumination: estimate = 0.07, 95% confidence interval [0.01, 0.16]. Both John Henryism and vagally mediated heart rate variability moderated the relationship between race-related stress and rumination; however, only John Henryism reliably influenced the indirect association between race-related stress and depression through rumination. We discuss these findings in the context of growing research examining the interplay between cultural and biological factors in the risk for poorer mental health.
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High John Henryism has been linked to higher self-esteem and fewer depressive symptoms and less psychological distress among Black men and women.
“high levels of John Henryism have been linked to increases in self-esteem (Stevens-Watkins et al., 2014) and reductions in depressive symptoms and psychological distress among Black men and women (Bronder et al., 2014; Hill & Hoggard, 2018; Kiecolt et al., 2009; Matthews et al., 2013).”
From Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students (2020) · cites this paper as Hill & Hoggard, 2018
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports prior findings that John Henryism may protect against depressive symptoms in African American women and men. But the paper’s own findings associate higher John Henryism with a stronger indirect link between race-related stress and depressive symptoms; the cited passage does not establish reduced psychological distress. The self-esteem claim is attached to a different citation, not Hill and Hoggard. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFew studies have jointly considered active coping and school diversity when examining IP's psychological implications.
“Third, despite research suggesting that active coping and school diversity may influence the experience of, and response to, stress among students of color (Hill & Hoggard, 2018; Seaton & Douglass, 2014), few studies have taken these important individual and contextual factors into account when exploring the psychological implications of IP.”
From Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students (2020) · cites this paper as Hill & Hoggard, 2018
Research on John Henryism and mental health has mostly focused on depressive symptoms.
“Second, literature examining John Henryism in the context of mental health has done so largely with respect to depressive symptoms (e.g., Hill & Hoggard, 2018; Hudson et al., 2015).”
From Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students (2020) · cites this paper as Hill & Hoggard, 2018
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- Authors
- Hill, L. K., & Hoggard, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hill, Labarron K.
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-11-19
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1817-1835
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC6839900
- OpenAlex
- W2900952322
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 9.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL121708)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD009947)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- racial stress, rumination, depressive symptoms, active coping, African American women, emerging adults, John Henryism, vagally mediated heart rate variability, anticipatory stress, self-regulation
- MeSH terms
- Rumination, Cognitive, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Autonomic Nervous System, Black or African American, Depression, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
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