The DOI matches its Crossref record; 221 of the 221 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Rethinking Rumination
Open accessAbstract
The response styles theory ( Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991 ) was proposed to explain the insidious relationship between rumination and depression. We review the aspects of the response styles theory that have been well-supported, including evidence that rumination exacerbates depression, enhances negative thinking, impairs problem solving, interferes with instrumental behavior, and erodes social support. Next, we address contradictory and new findings. Specifically, rumination appears to more consistently predict the onset of depression rather than the duration, but rumination interacts with negative cognitive styles to predict the duration of depressive symptoms. Contrary to original predictions, the use of positive distractions has not consistently been correlated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in correlational studies, although dozens of experimental studies show positive distractions relieve depressed mood. Further, evidence now suggests that rumination is associated with psychopathologies in addition to depression, including anxiety, binge eating, binge drinking, and self-harm. We discuss the relationships between rumination and worry and between rumination and other coping or emotion-regulation strategies. Finally, we highlight recent research on the distinction between rumination and more adaptive forms of self-reflection, on basic cognitive deficits or biases in rumination, on its neural and genetic correlates, and on possible interventions to combat rumination.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A core feature of distress disorders is the engagement of maladaptive self-referential processes, including the metacognitive processes of worry and rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Wells, 2005).”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of DM have been frequently associated with lower levels of rumination28,29 and lower levels of depression and anxiety.30”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, rumination delays adaptive coping strategies and increases avoidant coping strategies (37, 42).”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The literature quotes psychological inflexibility as asusceptibility factor for depression, because it is characterised by apermanent, rigid style of reacting with rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema et al . 2008).”
From Effectiveness of a training programme based on acceptance and commitment therapy aimed at older adults – no moderating role of cognitive functioning (2021) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al . 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In particular, much of the psychological theorizing about the nature of GAD and MDD in terms of disruption of mind and body has been predicated on a functional relationship between the kinds and intensity of visceral and psychological sensations that one experiences (i.e., motivational intensity) and the ways by which one attempts to respond to their arising (i.e., negative self-referentiality; B”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several studies found that the practice of mindfulness was possibly able to clarify the effects of rumination as a self-critical questioning of one's own emotions and circumstances.22,23”
From Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: A review of the literature (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Theorists (e.g., Borkovec et al., 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Watkins, 2008) have argued that NSRP including worry and rumination becomes negatively reinforced by the reduction in aversive emotions.”
From What, me worry and ruminate about dsm-5 and rdoc? The importance of targeting negative self-referential processing (2013) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Repetitive negative thinking (RNT), which includes worry and rumination, is both a risk factor for and a common symptom of anxiety and depression15–17”
From An exploration into the relationship between insomnia and repetitive negative thinking among cancer survivors. (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A capacity to change cognitions and relinquish one’s original interpretation may undermine passive, repetitive elaborative processes central to transdiagnostic psychopathology (e.g., rumination; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008) and promote flexibility that allows for more effective, rather than habitual, behavioral reactions.”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“an important strand of research on cognition in depression has identified rumination as a vulnerability factor for depression (Nolen Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Nolen Hoeksema et al., 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“RNT is a well-established vulnerability factor for depression symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
From The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty (2016) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“rumination, a repetitive negative thinking pattern associated with depressive and anxiety disorders [93,94]”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The pain experienced by patients with TS is due to the ironic process of thought inhibition (36), suggesting that avoidant and repressive coping strategies may be adaptive in the short term but do not provide much help in eventual problem-solving (37).”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Considering that rumination increases depression and negative thoughts and impairs problem- solving abilities (37), self-blame may have a negative effect on the overall cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of children with TS.”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Rumination and worry constitute forms of negative self-absorption (Ingram, 1990; Mor & Winquist, 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008) that prevents the individual from relating in an adaptive manner to current situations and challenges.”
From Participant experiences of change in mindfulness-based stress reduction for anxiety disorders. (2020) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“RNT has been linked with sleep difficulties in various populations, both with and without psychiatric diagnoses.15”
From An exploration into the relationship between insomnia and repetitive negative thinking among cancer survivors. (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The genetic risk of depression is likely due to small effects of hundreds or thousands of common genetic variants, with overrepresentation of genes affecting brain development, inflammation, bioenergetics and neuronal signalling.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [262]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The pain experienced by patients with TS is due to the ironic process of thought inhibition (36), suggesting that avoidant and repressive coping strategies may be adaptive in the short term but do not provide much help in eventual problem-solving (37).”
From How do children with Tourette’s syndrome and their caregivers live with the disorder? A systematic review of qualitative evidence (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It has been shown that both worrying and rumination become negatively reinforced by the reduction in aversive emotions (Borkovec et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
In the citing paper
“rumination can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors,58”
From A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“NSRPs are common processes in many forms of psychopathology, including GAD and MDD, and includes repetitive or perseverative thought (Watkins, 2008) such as rumination (e.g., repetitive thinking about past mistakes aimed at reducing distress related to perceived losses; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008) and worry (e.g., repetitive thinking about future events aimed at reducing distress that arises from”
From Emotion Regulation Therapy: A Mechanism-Targeted Treatment for Disorders of Distress (2017) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Rather than effectively engaging adaptive emotion regulation strategies, individuals with distress disorders alternatively utilize perseverative strategies that may be employed to compensate for a negative emotional state, chiefly by enveloping it in elaborative negative self-referential processing (Borkovec et al., 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008; Mennin and Fresco, 2013).”
From Emotion Regulation Therapy: A Mechanism-Targeted Treatment for Disorders of Distress (2017) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The large number of common variants involved 262-264 entails that every individual carries some risk variants for depression, and a polygenic score (indexing the individual's load of risk variants) predicts the genetic liability to depression better than any specific genetic variant. 265”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“Where initially rumination may be goaldirected and engage attentional resources, persistent rumination is characterized by reduced quality of thinking with attention being deployed to negative thoughts in a less constructive way (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
From Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis (2011) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“with evidence that this may in part be due to interference with effective problem solving, engagement in instrumental rewarding behaviours or access to social support, which have been proposed as mediators of the negative effects of rumination (Lyubomirsky & Tkach, 2004;Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008;E. R. Watkins, 2008).”
From Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008
In the citing paper
“Research in non-cardiac populations suggests these factors may be important in explaining the association of rumination with depression (Lyubomirsky & Tkach, 2004;Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008;E. R. Watkins, 2008)”
From Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“For example, rumination is a risk factor for psychological distress and depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 2008)”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“Ample evidence has suggested that poor regulatory skills constitute a vulnerability and maintenance feature among a wide range of mental disorders (Rottenberg et al., 2005; Mennin and Farach, 2007; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
From New Technologies for the Understanding, Assessment, and Intervention of Emotion Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · cited 1×
“Using self-report measures, Gross and John (2003) found that people who often use reappraisal experience more positive well-being and interpersonal functioning, whereas people who often use emotional suppression experience less positive well-being and interpersonal functioning.”
MethodAssessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507
Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195135336.001.0001 · Cited by 9,158
Journal of social behavior and personality
(1986) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90025-5 · Cited by 6,751
An Analysis of Coping in a Middle-Aged Community Sample
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136617 · Cited by 6,361
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl004 · Cited by 5,128
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3595 · Cited by 4,970
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
HOLLON, S. D., & BECK, A. T. (1979) · Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404480-7.50012-5 · Cited by 4,685
Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Barlow D.H., 2002, Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic
- 10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.218 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-843X.95.2.107 · DOI
- Fritz H.L., 1999, Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences & Engineering, 60, 0410
- 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 · DOI · Paper page
- Gross J.J., 2007, Handbook of emotion regulation, 3
- 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152 · DOI · Paper page
- Ito T., 2002, Japanese Journal of Counseling Science, 35, 40
- Ito T., 2003, Japanese Journal of Counseling Science, 36, 1
- Joiner T.E., 2002, Handbook of depression, 295
- Joormann J., Gotlib I.H. (2005, November). Inhibitory dysfunction, rumination, and mood regulation in depression. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC. · DOI
- Lewinsohn P.M., 1984, The coping with depression course
- 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.166 · DOI
- Lyubomirsky S., 2004, Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment, 21
- 10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1041 · DOI
- Martin L.L., 1996, Ruminative thoughts, 1
- 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1424 · DOI
- McLaughlin K., 2006, Worry, need of control, and other core cognitive constructs in anxiety and eating disorders, 37
- 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504 · DOI · Paper page
- Nolen-Hoeksema S., 2004, Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment, 107
- Nolen-Hoeksema S., 1999, Coping with loss
- Papageorgiou C., 2004, Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment
- Raes F., 2003, Gedragstherapie, 36, 97
- Schwartz J.L., 1995, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 849
- 10.1037/0022-3514.66.2.350 · DOI
- Stöber J., 1996, Processes and the molar regulation of behavior, 105
- 10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.1076 · DOI
- Swann W.B., 1990, Handbook of motivation and cognition, 2, 408
- Thase M.E., 2002, Handbook of depression, 192
- Weissman M.M., 2002, Handbook of depression, 404
- 10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,100 of 1,136
An Active-Inference Approach to Second-Person Neuroscience
Lehmann, K., Bolis, D., Friston, K. J., Schilbach, L., Ramstead, M. J. D., & Kanske, P. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231188000 · Cited by 53
Depressive thoughts limit working memory capacity in dysphoria
Hubbard, N. A., Hutchison, J. L., Turner, M. P., Montroy, J. J., Bowles, R. P., & Bart Rypma, A. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.991694 · Cited by 53
Toward an integration of cognitive and genetic models of risk for depression
Gibb, B. E., Beevers, C. G., & McGeary, J. E. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.712950 · Cited by 53
Rumination and multi-modal emotional reactivity
Hilt, L. M., Aldao, A., & Fischer, K. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.989816 · Cited by 55
Depressive rumination alters cortisol decline in Major Depressive Disorder
LeMoult, J., & Joormann, J. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.05.001 · Cited by 49
Reports of Stress-Related Growth From Daily Negative Events
LoSavio, S. T., Cohen, L. H., Laurenceau, J., Dasch, K. B., Parrish, B. P., & Park, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.7.760 · Cited by 56
Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.001 · Cited by 49
Starr, L. R., Stroud, C. B., & Li, Y. I. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.065 · Cited by 51
Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Phenomenon in the 21st Century: The Flow Model of Rumination
Wong, S. M. Y., Chen, E. Y. H., Lee, M. C. Y., Suen, Y. N., & Hui, C. L. M. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13071041 · Cited by 48
Rantamäki, T., & Kohtala, S. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.119.018697 · Cited by 45
Rumination, depressive symptoms and awareness of illness in schizophrenia.
Thomas, N., Ribaux, D., & Phillips, L. J. (2014) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000884 · Cited by 47
Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy
Fresco, D. M., Roy, A. K., Adelsberg, S., Seeley, S., García-Lesy, E., Liston, C., & Mennin, D. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00086 · Cited by 43
“…that one experiences (i.e., motivational intensity) and the ways by which one attempts to respond to their arising (i.e., negative selfreferentiality; Borkovec et al., 2004; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008; Watkins, 2008; Newman and Llera, 2011; Mennin and Fresco, 2013, 2014; Olatunji et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-referential processing influences functional activation during cognitive control: An fMRI study
Wagner, G., Koch, K., Schachtzabel, C., Peikert, G., Schultz, C. C., Reichenbach, J. R., Sauer, H., & Schlösser, R. G. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss074 · Cited by 47
Advancing emotion regulation perspectives on psychopathology: the challenge of distress disorders
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.969624 · Cited by 46
Østergaard, T., Lundgren, T., Zettle, R. D., Landrø, N. I., & Haaland, V. Ø. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00528 · Cited by 45
Rumination, posttraumatic stress disorder, and mood symptoms in borderline personality disorder
Dell'Osso, L., Cremone, I. M., Carpita, B., Dell'Oste, V., Muti, D., Massimetti, G., Barlati, S., Vita, A., Fagiolini, A., Carmassi, C., et al. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s198616 · Cited by 45
Aldao, A., & Christensen, K. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.962399 · Cited by 45
Espie, C. A. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13841 · Cited by 45
Galbiati, A., Giora, E., Sarasso, S., Zucconi, M., & Ferini-Strambi, L. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.10.002 · Cited by 43
Tyndall, I., Waldeck, D., Riva, P., Wesselmann, E. D., & Pancani, L. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.02.001 · Cited by 43
Stress and Internet Addiction: Mediated by Anxiety and Moderated by Self-Control
Shen, X., Wang, C., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zheng, Y., & Liu, H. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s411412 · Cited by 42
Wadsworth, L. P., Forgeard, M., Hsu, K. J., Kertz, S., Treadway, M., & Björgvinsson, T. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9887-0 · Cited by 43
Kaiser, R. H., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Metcalf, C. A., & Dimidjian, S. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9697-1 · Cited by 43
Burrows, C. A., Timpano, K. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616683506 · Cited by 43
Newman, M. G., Rackoff, G. N., Zhu, Y., & Kim, H. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102662 · Cited by 42
Hong, R. Y. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9350-9 · Cited by 42
Emotion Regulation and Academic Burnout Among Youth: a Quantitative Meta-analysis
Iuga, I. A., & David, O. A. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09930-w · Cited by 42
Orłowski, P., Ruban, A., Szczypiński, J., Hobot, J., Bielecki, M., & Bola, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221089034 · Cited by 41
Philippot, P., Bouvard, M., Baeyens, C., & Dethier, V. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2340 · Cited by 40
Gilbert, K., & Gruber, J. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9602-3 · Cited by 40
Yang, C.-C., Carter, M. D. K., Webb, J. J., & Holden, S. M. (2020) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2019.1682137 · Cited by 40
Braniecka, A., Hanć, M., Wołkowicz, I., Chrzczonowicz‐Stępień, A., Mikołajonek, A., & Lipiec, M. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1213 · Cited by 41
Increased Attention Regulation from Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Renna, M. E., Seeley, S. H., Heimberg, R. G., Etkin, A., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9872-7 · Cited by 36
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.203 · Cited by 39
Tao, Y., Liu, X., Hou, W., Niu, H., Wang, S., Ma, Z., Bi, D., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.901686 · Cited by 39
Godara, M., Silveira, S., Matthäus, H., Heim, C., Voelkle, M., Hecht, M., Binder, E. B., & Singer, T. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256323 · Cited by 38
Evans, S. C., Blossom, J. B., & Fite, P. J. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.006 · Cited by 36
Pearson, K. A., Watkins, E. R., Kuyken, W., & Mullan, E. G. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466509x480553 · Cited by 34
Trindade, I. A., Ferreira, C., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2018) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12280 · Cited by 35
Zhang, J.-Y., Ji, X.-Z., Meng, L.-N., & Cai, Y.-J. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s216401 · Cited by 33
How do serotonergic psychedelics treat depression: The potential role of neuroplasticity
Artin, H., Zisook, S., & Ramanathan, D. (2021) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v11.i6.201 · Cited by 33
Ball, S. C., & Brewin, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.019511 · Cited by 32
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Body Mindfulness Questionnaire
Burg, J. M., Probst, T., Heidenreich, T., & Michalak, J. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0659-9 · Cited by 32
Pruessner, L., Timm, C., Kalmar, J., Bents, H., Barnow, S., & Mander, J. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/9081139 · Cited by 37
“Rumination is characterized by repetitive, negative, and self-focused thoughts about the causes and consequences of past experiences, leading to a cycle of negative contemplation about one ’ s distressing emotions [58, 63, 64].”
BackgroundKidd, T., Poole, L., Ronaldson, A., Leigh, E., Jahangiri, M., & Steptoe, A. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12191 · Cited by 30
Baik, S. Y., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102679 · Cited by 32
Steiner, J. L., Wagner, C. D., Bigatti, S. M., & Storniolo, A. M. (2014) · Families, Systems, & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000066 · Cited by 31
Depressive rumination and the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene
Whitmer, A. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0112-z · Cited by 30
Mori, M., & Tanno, Y. (2015) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2015.65059 · Cited by 30
The relationship between rumination, fatigue and psychological resilience among cancer survivors
Öcalan, S., & Üzar‐Özçetin, Y. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16187 · Cited by 31
Gecht, J., Kessel, R., Mainz, V., Gauggel, S., Drueke, B., Scherer, A., & Forkmann, T. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.821635 · Cited by 29
Hemodynamic profiles of functional and dysfunctional forms of repetitive thinking
Ottaviani, C., Brosschot, J. F., Lonigro, A., Medea, B., Van Diest, I., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9851-3 · Cited by 29
Bailey, T., Shahabi, L., Tarvainen, M., Shapiro, D., & Ottaviani, C. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1570821 · Cited by 29
Gort, C., Marcusson-Clavertz, D., & Kuehner, C. (2021) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00353-4 · Cited by 29
Spontaneous Emotion Regulation in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
Naumann, E., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Voderholzer, U., & Svaldi, J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9723-3 · Cited by 28
Cladder-Micus, M. B., Becker, E. S., Spijker, J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-09997-8 · Cited by 28
Concept and validation of the German version of the cognitive fusion questionnaire (CFQ-D)
China, C., Hansen, L. B., Gillanders, D. T., & Benninghoven, D. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.06.003 · Cited by 26
Hudson, J. L., & Moss-Morris, R. (2019) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000352 · Cited by 27
Doering, B. K., Barke, A., Friehs, T., & Eisma, M. C. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1630-1 · Cited by 27
Development of a self-distancing task and initial validation of responses
Shepherd, K. A., Coifman, K. G., Matt, L. M., & Fresco, D. M. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000297 · Cited by 27
Cross-Cultural and Gender Invariance of Transdiagnostic Processes in the United States and Singapore
Zainal, N. H., Newman, M. G., & Hong, R. Y. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119869832 · Cited by 25
Motivala, S. J., Arellano, M., Greco, R. L., Aitken, D., Hutcheson, N., Tadayonnejad, R., O’Neill, J., & Feusner, J. D. (2018) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2017.1351991 · Cited by 25
Climate Anxiety: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Boehme, B. A. E., Kinsman, L. M., Norrie, H. J., Tessier, E. D., Fleming, S. W., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2024) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-024-01538-9 · Cited by 26
When REBT Goes Difficult: Applying ABC-DEF to Personality Disorders
Sarracino, D., Dimaggio, G., Ibrahim, R., Popolo, R., Sassaroli, S., & Ruggiero, G. M. (2017) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-016-0258-7 · Cited by 25
van Aalderen, J. R., Donders, A. R. T., Peffer, K., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22369 · Cited by 23
Online support seeking, co-rumination, and mental health in adolescent girls
Mackenzie, E., McMaugh, A., Van Bergen, P., & Parada, R. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1040636 · Cited by 24
Participant experiences of change in mindfulness-based stress reduction for anxiety disorders.
Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Binder, P.-E., Hjeltnes, A., Dundas, I., & Nielsen, G. H. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1776094 · Cited by 24
“Rumination and worry constitute forms of negative self-absorption (Ingram, 1990; Mor & Winquist, 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008) that prevents the individual from relating in an adaptive manner to current situations and challenges.”
BackgroundThe association of changes in repetitive negative thinking with changes in depression and anxiety
Hijne, K., Penninx, B. W., van Hemert, A. M., & Spinhoven, P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.002 · Cited by 24
Changes in typical beliefs in response to complicated grief treatment
Skritskaya, N. A., Mauro, C., Garcia de la Garza, A., Meichsner, F., Lebowitz, B., Reynolds, C. F., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., & Shear, M. K. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22981 · Cited by 24
Iani, L., Quinto, R. M., Lauriola, M., Crosta, M. L., & Pozzi, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225646 · Cited by 23
“Clinical characteristics of individuals with GAD also include rumination, which is the tendency to respond to distress by focusing perseveratively on its symptoms and on their possible antecedents and consequences [1].”
BackgroundSocial media use, sleep, and psychopathology in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents.
Nesi, J., Burke, T. A., Extein, J., Kudinova, A. Y., Fox, K. A., Hunt, J., & Wolff, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.014 · Cited by 22
Multiple paths to rumination within a network analytical framework
Tamm, G., Koster, E. H. W., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61469-6 · Cited by 22
Petrova, K., Nevarez, M. D., Waldinger, R. J., Preacher, K. J., & Schulz, M. S. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01559-4 · Cited by 21
Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale
Tang, S., Eisma, M. C., Li, J., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2348 · Cited by 22
Cheng, Q., Shi, C., Yan, C., Ren, Z., Chan, S. H.-W., Xiong, S., Zhang, T., & Zheng, H. (2022) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1955864 · Cited by 24
“It appears that a ruminative style provides adolescents with an evidential base to justify inactivity and social withdrawal (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008), and prompts them to control, avoid, or escape the upsetting inner experiences (Dinis et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialHamrick, H. C., Kelley, M. L., & Bravo, A. J. (2020) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2019.1669509 · Cited by 23
Is rumination a risk and a protective factor?
Harding, K. A., & Mezulis, A. (2017) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v13i1.1279 · Cited by 21
Lenferink, L. I. M., Wessel, I., & Boelen, P. A. (2018) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000781 · Cited by 21
Flores-Ramos, M., Alcauter, S., López-Titla, M., Bernal-Santamaría, N., Calva-Coraza, E., & Edden, R. A. E. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.033 · Cited by 21
Self-Focused Attention and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Burns, A., Irvine, M., & Woodcock, K. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3732-5 · Cited by 20
Moffatt, J., Mitrenga, K. J., Alderson-Day, B., Moseley, P., & Fernyhough, C. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238920 · Cited by 17
Neural substrates of cognitive emotion regulation: a brief review
Öner, S. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1407563 · Cited by 20
Al Ozairi, A., Alsaeed, D., Al-Ozairi, E., Irshad, M., Crane, R. S., & Almoula, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1089147 · Cited by 20
An 18-month study of the effects of IBD symptomatology and emotion regulation on depressed mood
Trindade, I. A., Ferreira, C., Moura-Ramos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-017-2774-z · Cited by 20
Yearning predicts subgenual anterior cingulate activity in bereaved individuals
McConnell, M. H., Killgore, W. D. S., & O'Connor, M.-F. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00852 · Cited by 20
“, 2015) and depressive rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008).”
Verschueren, M., Claes, L., Palmeroni, N., Raemen, L., Buelens, T., Moons, P., & Luyckx, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667235 · Cited by 19
Obsessive-Compulsive and Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Depressive Cognitive Styles
Shaw, A. M., Carbonella, J. Y., Arditte Hall, K. A., & Timpano, K. R. (2017) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2017.1372341 · Cited by 17
Yu, M., Zhou, H., Xu, H., & Zhou, H. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.021 · Cited by 18
Worry and rumination have distinct associations with nighttime versus daytime sleep symptomology
Tutek, J., Gunn, H. E., & Lichstein, K. L. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1725012 · Cited by 16
The temporal association between emotional clarity and depression symptoms in adolescents
Blöte, A. W., & Westenberg, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.005 · Cited by 17
The Clinically Modified Buddhist Psychological Model for Social Work Practice and Self-care
Maddock, A. (2023) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-022-00849-9 · Cited by 17
Heleniak, C., Bolden, C. R., McCabe, C. J., Lambert, H. K., Rosen, M. L., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00805-0 · Cited by 16
Suh, H.-W., Yoon, S.-I., Hong, S., Lee, H. W., Lee, M., Kim, J. W., & Chung, S.-Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.992905 · Cited by 16
“Considering that rumination increases depression and negative thoughts and impairs problem- solving abilities (37), self-blame may have a negative effect on the overall cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of children with TS.”
BackgroundMa, O. Y. T., & Lo, B. C. Y. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101721 · Cited by 15
Cooper, S. E., Miranda, R., & Mennin, D. S. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.033512 · Cited by 15
Quickert, R. E., & MacDonald, T. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186472 · Cited by 14
“Rumination is associated with negative emotional experiences in relationships [19], challenges resolving conflict [22], and increased rates of emotional distress and psychopathology [21].”
BackgroundLam, A. H. Y., Cheung, Y. T. D., Wong, K. H., Leung, S. F., & Chien, W. T. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s338133 · Cited by 13
“Higher levels of DM have been frequently associated with lower levels of rumination(28,29) and lower levels of depression and anxiety.(30) Several mediation analyses and longitudinal studies have revealed that rumination significantly mediates associations between DM and symptoms of anxiety and depression in both comm…”
BackgroundCao, Q., Zhao, H., Yao, J., & Liang, Y. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00200-5 · Cited by 13
Li, Y., Qu, G., Kong, H., Ma, X., Cao, L., Li, T., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989904 · Cited by 14
I don’t want to come back down: Undoing versus maintaining of reward recovery in older adolescents
Gilbert, K. E., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Gruber, J. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000128 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University
- Yale University (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 400-424
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W4211130665
- Semantic Scholar
- 369b741775686c14974158cb6b18893c95b9ae59
- Cited by
- 5,172
- References
- 209
- Citations by year
- 2026: 420 · 2025: 477 · 2024: 445 · 2023: 426 · 2022: 440 · 2021: 451 · 2020: 356 · 2019: 328 · 2018: 305 · 2017: 280 · 2016: 266 · 2015: 241 · 2014: 196 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 137
- FWCI
- 103.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- rumination, response styles theory, depression, negative cognitive style, positive distraction, worry, coping strategies, emotion regulation, self-reflection, cognitive biases, anxiety, binge eating, binge drinking, self-harm, social support
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
