Cited by 533Stress Responses and CortisolNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

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Neuroendocrinology and Pathophysiology of the Stress System

STRATAKIS, CONSTANTINE A., CHROUSOS, GEORGE P.·1995·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44666.x

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Abstract

The human organism is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, homeostasis. The stress system is activated when homeostasis is challenged by extrinsic or intrinsic forces, the stressors. This system, whose central component is the central nervous system (CNS) and includes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and noradrenergic neurons, respectively, in the hypothalamus and the brain stem, has as its peripheral limbs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system. Normal development and preservation of life and species are dependent on a normally functioning stress system. Maladaptive neuroendocrine responses, i.e., dysregulation of the stress system, may lead to disturbances in growth and development, and cause psychiatric, endocrine/metabolic, and/or autoimmune diseases or vulnerability to such diseases.

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Authors: STRATAKIS, C. A., & CHROUSOS, G. P.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: STRATAKIS, CONSTANTINE A.
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1995-12
Volume: 771
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-18
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44666.x
OpenAlex: W2056702525
Cited by: 533
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 1.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4034 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: stress system, neuroendocrinology, homeostasis, stressors, corticotropin-releasing factor, noradrenergic neurons, hypothalamus, brainstem, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, growth and development, mental illness, autoimmune disease, endocrine and metabolic diseases
MeSH terms: Affect, Animals, Digestive System Physiological Phenomena, Growth, Humans, Hypothalamus, Immunity, Metabolism, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Physiological, Thyroid Hormones

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Neuroendocrinology and Pathophysiology of the Stress System

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