The Immune–Pineal Axis: Stress as a Modulator of Pineal Gland Function
Open accessAbstract
The temporal organization of mammals presents a daily adjustment to the environmental light/dark cycle. The environmental light detected by the retina adjusts the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, which innervate the pineal gland through a polysynaptic pathway. During the night, this gland produces and releases the nocturnal hormone melatonin, which circulates throughout the whole body and adjusts several bodily functions according to the existence and duration of darkness. We have previously shown that during the time frame of an inflammatory response, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α, inhibit while anti‐inflammatory mediators, such as glucocorticoids, enhance the synthesis of melatonin, interfering in the daily adjustment of the light/dark cycle. Therefore, injury disconnects the organism from environmental cycling, while recovery restores the light/dark information to the whole organism. Here, we extend these observations by evaluating the effect of a mild restraint stress, which did not induce macroscopic gastric lesions. After 2 h of restraint, there was an increase in circulating corticosterone, indicating activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. In parallel, an increase in melatonin production was observed. Taking into account the data obtained with models of inflammation and stress, we reinforce the hypothesis that the activity of the pineal gland is modulated by the state of the immune system and the HPA axis, implicating the darkness hormone melatonin as a modulator of defense responses.
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Acute and chronic physical and/or psychological stress affects the sleep centers of the brain.
“Numerous human and animal studies suggest that acute and chronic physical and/or psychological stress affects the sleep centers of the brain (356–363).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [358]
The Stress section says physical and psychological stress activate the hypothalamus, and The Pineal Gland as a Sensor of Different Types of Stress reports that mild restraint stress alters nocturnal melatonin production in rats. The paper does not establish that both acute and chronic stress affect the brain’s sleep centers; its reported experiment used 30-minute or 2-hour restraint and measured pineal melatonin, not sleep-center activity. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- Couto‐Moraes, R., Palermo‐Neto, J., & Markus, R. P.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Markus, Regina Pekelmann
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 1153
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 193-202
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2062292999
- Semantic Scholar
- 05b704f3bb2cb36a3d31f833209ec7908c451572
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scientific Electronic Library Online (São Paulo Research Foundation, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Universidade de São Paulo
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- melatonin, pineal gland, suprachiasmatic nucleus, circadian rhythm, light-dark cycle, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, corticosterone, restraint stress, inflammation, TNF-α, glucocorticoids, immunomodulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Corticosterone, Environment, Humans, Immune System, Melatonin, Pineal Gland, Restraint, Physical, Stress, Psychological, Inflammation Mediators
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