Restraint stress in biomedical research: An update
Abstract
Since the publication of our initial review of restraint stress in 1986, much work has continued with this technique, either as a tool for the investigation of other pharmacological, physiological, or pathologic phenomena or with restraint stress itself serving as the object of the study. As we noted in 1986, the major use of restraint has been for the induction of stress responses in animals and, more specifically, for the investigation of drug effects, particularly as they affect typical stress-related pathology--gastrointestinal, neuroendocrine, and immunological agents have been extensively studied. In compiling this update on restraint stress and its effects, we noted an increasing emphasis on central nervous system mechanisms in peripheral disease, especially gastrointestinal disease. In particular, many CNS-active agents have been tested for their effects on gastric and duodenal lesion formation and gastric secretion, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and peptidergic compounds. Some of these agents are especially active in the gastrointestinal tract even when administered centrally, further solidifying the concept of a brain-gut axis. The present update includes studies of: methods and procedures, pre-restraint manipulations, post-restraint/healing effects, and drug effects. In addition, a current bibliography of reports that have employed restraint is included.
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Rodents behave pro-socially when they perceive a conspecific experiencing non-painful psychological restraint stress, acting to end that distress through deliberate action.
“Our study shows that rodents behave pro-socially when they perceive a conspecific experiencing non-painful psychological restraint stress (8, 9), acting to end that distress through deliberate action.”
From Empathy and pro-social behavior in rats (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cites
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- Authors
- Glavin, G. B., Paré, W. P., Sandbak, T., Bakke, H.-K., & Murison, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Glavin, Gary B.
- ORCID
- Murison, Robert
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 223-249
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054483041
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- restraint stress, stress response, gastric lesions, duodenal lesions, gastric secretion, gut-brain axis, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotic drugs, serotonergic agents, dopaminergic agents, noradrenergic agents, neuroendocrine effects, immunological effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Restraint, Physical, Stress, Psychological
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