Cited by 831Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentAction Observation and Synchronization

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Autism: The Empathizing–Systemizing (E‐S) Theory

Baron‐Cohen, Simon·2009·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x

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Abstract

The mind‐blindness theory of autism spectrum conditions has been successful in explaining the social and communication difficulties that characterize these conditions but cannot explain the nonsocial features (the narrow interests, need for sameness, and attention to detail). A new theory, the empathizing–systemizing (E‐S) theory, is summarized, which argues two factors are needed to explain the social and nonsocial features of the condition. This is related to other cognitive theories such as the weak central coherence theory and the executive dysfunction theory. The E‐S theory is also extended to the extreme male brain theory as a way of understanding the biased sex ratio in autism. Etiological predictions are discussed, as are the clinical applications arising from the E‐S theory.

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Authors: Baron‐Cohen, S.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: Baron‐Cohen, Simon
ORCID: Baron‐Cohen, Simon
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 1156
Issue: 1
Pages: 68-80
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x
OpenAlex: W2028758511
Cited by: 830
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
FWCI: 2.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 24 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation
Research Councils UK
Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, empathizing-systemizing theory, social cognition, weak central coherence, executive dysfunction, extreme male brain theory, sex ratio bias, autism etiology, clinical application
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Empathy, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Theoretical, Psychological Tests

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Autism: The Empathizing–Systemizing (E‐S) Theory

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