The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 44 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory
Open accessAbstract
The affect‐as‐information framework posits that affect is embodied information about value and importance. The valence dimension of affect provides evaluative information about stimulus objects, which plays a role in judgment and decision‐making. Affect can also provide evaluative information about one's own cognitions and response inclinations, information that guides thinking and reasoning. In particular, positive affect often promotes, and negative affect inhibits, accessible responses or dominant modes of thinking. Affect thus moderates many of the textbook phenomena in cognitive psychology. In the current review, we suggest additionally that the arousal dimension of affect amplifies reactions, leading to intensified evaluations, increased reliance on particular styles of learning, and enhanced long‐term memory for events. We conclude that whereas valenced affective cues serve as information about value, the arousal dimension provides information about urgency or importance.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review extends the affect-as-information framework by proposing that affective arousal signals urgency or importance, thereby intensifying judgments, current processing styles, attention/perception, and long-term memory. Valence is argued to signal value—what to learn—while arousal signals importance—what to remember.
Key findings
- Arousal intensifies evaluative judgments: positive objects seem more positive and negative objects more negative, and effects depend on arousal being attributed to the judgment target; irrelevant arousal can be misattributed, as in the Dutton and Aron bridge study and excitation-transfer research.
- Arousal amplifies whatever processing strategy is currently active: high arousal in positive moods increased relational processing and false memories, while negative affect promoted item-specific processing; fear arousal improved visual sensitivity to perceptual contrasts and heightened threat detection.
- Arousal marks events as important for memory: it enhances long-term memory via adrenergic and amygdala-based consolidation, with its greatest influence on memory for events about 2 days after encoding, and it can occur even when arousal is induced after learning.
- Arousal may carry provisional negative value: high-arousing stimuli tend to be evaluated as negative and low-arousing stimuli as positive, and the amygdala is described as more responsive to arousal than to valence.
Methods
- Narrative review, not a new empirical study; it synthesizes the affect-as-information framework and prior research on valence and arousal.
- The review covers judgment, learning/processing, attention, perception, time perception, and memory, drawing on behavioral, physiological, neuroimaging, pharmacological, and clinical evidence.
- The main analysis is conceptual integration: valence provides evaluative information, whereas arousal provides information about urgency or importance.
Limitations
- Stated: there is no convincing evidence that arousal is a single, unitary entity; emotional intensity is multidimensional; the Yerkes-Dodson curvilinear relation is often unsupported; it is unclear whether arousal acts by increasing fear or by potentiating the fear-perception relationship; evidence is inconsistent on whether objects must be at least slightly arousing for general arousal to enhance memory; and one cited arousal-valence study did not adequately assess the valence of induced states.
- Stated: intense arousal is sometimes associated with amnesia and forgetting, though the authors assume this reflects attentional disengagement during learning rather than arousal effects on forgetting.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it does not systematically quantify effects or resolve inconsistent findings, and it relies on some unpublished, submitted, or forthcoming sources.
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Claims the paper makes
66 Own interpretation · 38 Not checked yet · 10 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“That model proposes that pleasant, unpleasant, and arousing reactions provide bodily and experiential information about the positive value, the negative value, and the importance of whatever is encountered.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clore & Storbeck, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Schwarz & Clore, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The affect-as-information framework posits that affect is embodied information about value and importance.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clore & Storbeck, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Schwarz & Clore, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The valence dimension of affect provides evaluative information about stimulus objects, which plays a role in judgment and decisionmaking.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Affect can also provide evaluative information about one's own cognitions and response inclinations, information that guides thinking and reasoning.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The authors conclude that high arousal can lead to negative evaluations, although it was not clear that the valence of the induced affective states was adequately assessed.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Judgments > Can arousal carry affective value?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Faseur & Geuens, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In task situations, arousal cues can be experienced as task-relevant feedback concerning the urgency or importance of current thoughts and inclinations.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Another group was first asked about the weather and only then about life satisfaction. They too were happier on sunny than on rainy days, but their life satisfaction ratings were unaffected by their moods.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwarz & Clore, 1983
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As predicted, happy individuals did produce more false memories (i.e., recalled more critical lures) than sad individuals.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Storbeck & Clore, 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the effect is observed primarily when individuals assess their own feelings toward an evaluated object, not necessarily when asked to evaluate the target directly”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Judgments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gorn et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Martin et al., 1992
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The results indicate that highly arousing images were perceived as having been shown for a longer period of time than less arousing images.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention) > Time perception
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angrilli, Cherubini, Pavese, & Manfredini, 1997
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, positive affect often promotes, and negative affect inhibits, accessible responses or dominant modes of thinking.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conclude that whereas valenced affective cues serve as information about value, the arousal dimension provides information about urgency or importance.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we suggest additionally that the arousal dimension of affect amplifies reactions, leading to intensified evaluations, increased reliance on particular styles of learning, and enhanced long-term memory for events.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“People experiencing a sunny day were found to be in happier moods and to be more satisfied with their lives than people experiencing a rainy day.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwarz & Clore, 1983
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, affective cues attributed to judgment objects and decision alternatives can govern judgments and decisions, whereas affect experienced as feedback about task-relevant thoughts and inclinations can regulate styles of thinking.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the results indicate that fear can influence height perception and that increases in the magnitude of arousal can magnify this phenomenon.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention) > Perception
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High arousal cues intensify tendencies to act in line with current thoughts and inclinations, whereas low arousal cues do not.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this review, we conclude that arousal can be both beneficial and detrimental to cognitive performance.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Arousal as Information
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, measures of cortical brain activity (electroencephalograph or EEG measures) indicate that threatening faces garner more attention (Schupp et al., 2004) and hold attention longer than non-threatening faces (Lipp, 2006).”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention) > Attentional capture
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schupp et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Lipp, 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We hypothesize that arousal can increase dedication to whatever processing strategy may have been cued by positive or negative affect.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention)
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we suggest that the interaction of affective arousal and processing style determines task performance. If the cognitive style invoked by affective arousal is appropriate for the task, performance will be benefited, but if inappropriate, performance should be impaired.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Arousal as Information
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of the formulation we propose, affect can be seen as promoting whatever processing strategy is activated, and arousal can be seen as enhancing this tendency by signaling the urgency of the situation.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, then we might expect that feeling strongly about something should intensify whatever value is signaled by affective valence.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Judgments
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Positive affect should maintain and promote such processing, whereas negative affect, which implies a problem with one's approach, should result in the use of the alternative possibility, item-specific processing”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clore & Storbeck, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This information serves as a basis for judgments and decisions, as a guide for cognitive processing, and as a signal for the regulation of long term memory.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, high arousal appears to carry a negative value, and low arousal a positive value.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Judgments > Can arousal carry affective value?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Arousal has the property of being sticky and attaching itself to any associated object, making that object seem important, and causing it to be well remembered.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory > Misattributed arousal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Activation of the amygdala can then influence memory consolidation processes in other areas of the brain as well (Packard, Cahill, & McGaugh, 2001), suggesting that the process is not limited to fear conditioning (for a more extensive treatment of the memory consolidation process, see McGaugh, 2004).”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Packard, Cahill, & McGaugh, 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only emotional pictures benefited from the extraneous source of arousal perhaps because the additional arousal produced by these pictures signalled their potential importance relative to the neutral pictures.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory > Misattributed arousal
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such findings are consistent with the current view that the negative component promotes item-specific processing and that arousal, by signaling urgency, intensifies such processing.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention) > Attentional capture
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in the previous section, arousal draws attention to salient environmental stimuli, but in addition, it marks information as important for memory.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of fear, negative valence elicits item-specific processing and high arousal increases use of that strategy, resulting in heightened attentional vigilance and ability to detect threat.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention) > Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect is thus not due to heightened attention during learning, but rather to hormonal modulation of processes that take place afterward.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the valence component of affect governed what to learn, and the arousal component governed what to remember.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It signals importance both implicitly, through adrenergic hormones, and explicitly, through subjective experience.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, negative words led to item-specific processing, which prevented the previous word from being encoded, whereas positive words fostered relational processing so that memory was superior for both the emotional word and the preceding words.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As expected, the drug that increased arousal (reboxetine) enhanced the retrograde amnesia and hypermnesia effects, whereas the drug that decreased arousal reduced the retrograde amnesia and hypermnesia effects.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hurlemann et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, adrenergic hormones are typically released in stressful or emotionally arousing situations, a process that is believed to result in enhanced long term memory for associated events.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Arousal not only enhances explicit, episodic memory but can also enhance implicit or association-based memories.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory > Does arousal influence all types of memory?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Negative oddballs produced retrograde amnesia for the preceding word, whereas positive oddballs produced especially good memory for it (retrograde hypermnesia).”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hurlemann et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A stress hormone stimulant produced the strongest memory effects, whereas a stress hormone depressant produced the weakest memory for an emotionally arousing story relative to controls.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory > Misattributed arousal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O'Carroll, Drysdale, Cahill, Shajahan, & Ebmeier, 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As a side note, we should mention that intense arousal is also sometimes associated with amnesia and forgetting (see Cahill, 1997).”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cahill, 1997
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the peripheral nervous system, which triggers changes in the central nervous system (Packard, Williams, Cahill, & McGaugh, 1995).”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Packard, Williams, Cahill, & McGaugh, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, several studies have found that the more arousing the stimulus, the more active the amygdala, and the more active the amygdala, the better the long-term memory (Cahill et al., 1996; Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004; Hamann, Eli, Grafton, & Kilts, 1999; Kilpatrick & Cahill, 2003).”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory > Misattributed arousal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cahill et al., 1996; Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004; Hamann, Eli, Grafton, & Kilts, 1999
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we briefly reviewed evidence of the role of arousal in activating and guiding attention.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Styles of Learning (Processing and Attention) > Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The process is believed to be the basis of traumatic stress disorder (e.g. Cahill, 1997).”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cahill, 1997
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, arousal can make romantic attraction stronger, jokes funnier, and heights scarier.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, arousal can make judgments of positive objects more positive and of negative objects more negative.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amygdala is more responsive to arousal than to valence.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjective experience presumably directs attention to the arousing event and adrenergic hormones activate memory consolidation processes.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory > Summary
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sometimes, arousal is associated only with increases in the vividness of memories without also being associated with accuracy.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some evidence suggests that for general arousal to make objects or events memorable, they must be at least slightly arousing themselves, but evidence on this point is inconsistent.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The consolidation of information in long term memory can occur when adrenaline is administered after learning has taken place, so that arousal may operate mainly on information that was already slightly arousing during initial exposure.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Memory > Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas the valence component of affect signals what to learn, the arousal component signals what to remember.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although arousal and valence are often treated as independent, in actuality there is a tendency for high arousal stimuli to be treated as provisionally negative.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hormonal effect is evident after a delay of a couple of days, and it can occur even when arousal is induced after learning has already taken place.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of arousal on long term memory can operate implicitly through adrenergic hormones and explicitly through the effect of subjective experience on attention.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to influences on judgment, arousal also affects cognitive processing, attention, and perception.”
§ Affective Arousal as Information: How Affective Arousal Influences Judgments, Learning, and Memory > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is adaptive value in having ready access to one's attitudes and in being able to read one's own and others' affective reactions.
“These approaches generally assume that there is adaptive value in having ready access to one's attitudes (Fazio & Powell, 1997) and in being able to read one's own and others' affective reactions (Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2004).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Arousal can be treated as a psychological concept associated with emotional states, variously indexed by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, or the endocrine system.
“Consistent with Russell and Barrett (1999), we treat arousal as a psychological concept associated with emotional states that is variously indexed by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, or the endocrine system.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
When asking oneself, 'How strongly do I feel about the car?' feelings of positive value may be intensified by both relevant and irrelevant sources of arousal.
“We assume, then, that when asking oneself, ‘How strongly do I feel about the car?’ feelings of positive value may be intensified by both relevant and irrelevant sources of arousal.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Any source of arousal can modulate judgment, thoughts, and memory, as long as it is implicitly attributed to or associated with an emotional reaction toward the object of that judgment, thought, or memory.
“A critical feature of our model is that any source of arousal can modulate judgment, thoughts, and memory, as long as it is implicitly attributed to or associated with an emotional reaction toward the object of that judgment, thought, or memory.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The pattern of reduced memory for relevant, anxiety-arousing material reflects attentional disengagement during learning, rather than arousal effects on forgetting.
“However, we assume that this pattern reflects attentional disengagement during learning, rather than arousal effects on forgetting.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These findings suggest that, as theorized by the “affect-as-information” framework71, emotional/mood states can influence attention and overall cognitive styles”
From Paying attention to attention in depression (2019) · cites this paper as [71]
Citations
Cites
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,178
(1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,295
The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908) · Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology · doi:10.1002/cne.920180503 · Cited by 6,911
The Cognitive Structure of Emotions
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571299 · Cited by 6,208
Self-citationSocial psychology: handbook of basic principles
Higgins, E., & Kruglanski, A. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3496 · Cited by 5,535
Handbook of Affective Sciences
(2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195126013.001.0001 · Cited by 5,113
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513 · Cited by 4,952
Self-citationDollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10022-000 · Cited by 3,920
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Baumeister R. F., 2006, Hearts and Minds: Affective Influences on Social Cognition and Behaviour
- Frijda N., 1992, Emotion: Review of Personality and Social Psychology
- Loftus E., 1979, Eyewitness Testimony
- Packard M. G., 1995, Learning Development and Response to Brain Insults
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for “top-down” effects
Firestone, C., & Scholl, B. J. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x15000965 · Cited by 1,200
Evaluating Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Gibbs, R. W. (2011) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2011.606103 · Cited by 612
Lim, N. (2016) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.004 · Cited by 549
Cognitive and affective processes for learning science in immersive virtual reality
Parong, J. A., & Mayer, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12482 · Cited by 460
Emotion and perception: the role of affective information
Zadra, J. R., & Clore, G. L. (2011) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.147 · Cited by 397
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Storbeck, J., & Clore, G. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1824-1843
- ISSN
- 1751-9004 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4110743
- OpenAlex
- W2171225607
- Semantic Scholar
- e56b14ced4be20a4dea476bf85eebe317aa76a70
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH050074)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
- Keywords
- emotional arousal, valence, positive affect, negative affect, judgment and decision making, learning styles, event memory, cognitive control
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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