A controlled study of the effects of applied relaxation and applied relaxation plus operant procedures in the regulation of chronic pain
Abstract
Chronic back/joint pain patients participated in a comparative study of relaxation and operant therapies for chronic pain. Patients were randomly assigned to: (1) a waiting‐list control, or to either (2) an applied relaxation, or (3) an applied relaxation plus operant conditioning treatment programme. Waiting patients were subsequently randomly assigned to active treatment. The results indicated that the treatment groups tended to do significantly better than the waiting‐list control group for pain, medicine use, activity, and depression, but there were few clear differences between the treatment groups. Applied relaxation plus the operant programme was significantly better than relaxation for medicine reduction, and applied relaxation was better than relaxation and operant conditioning for a patient evaluation of reaching treatment goals. Within‐group and single‐subject analyses indicated that there were significant improvements between pre‐ and post‐tests for the treatment groups, but not for the waiting‐list control group. Follow‐up data indicated maintenance, and that applied relaxation had significantly lower pain ratings than applied relaxation plus operant conditioning. Taken as a whole, the results show that applied relaxation can produce significant decreases in pain, and that the addition of an operant programme does not improve pain reductions, but does tend to improve results with activity and especially medicine intake variables.
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Applied relaxation practice leads to reduced pain and anxiety, an increase in perceived control, and reduced symptoms.
“Applied relaxation, the base ingredient in the present study, originates from behavioral therapy, and its practice leads to reduced pain and anxiety, an increase in perceived control, and reduced symptoms.29, 30, 31, 35”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy for frequent attenders in primary care (2018) · cites this paper as [31]
Applied relaxation has previously been evaluated for chronic pain and functions as an active treatment control group.
“AR has previously been evaluated for chronic pain [39, 40] and functions in this case as an active treatment control group.”
From Acceptance as a Mediator for Change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Persons with Chronic Pain? (2016) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Linton, S. J., & Götestam, K. G.
- Corresponding author
- Götestam, K. Gunnar
- ORCID
- Linton, Steven J.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1984-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 291-299
- ISSN
- 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8260
- OpenAlex
- W1976419113
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- applied relaxation, operant conditioning, chronic pain, back pain, joint pain, pain management, medication use, physical activity, depression, maintenance of treatment effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analgesics, Back Pain, Behavior Therapy, Chronic Disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Conditioning, Operant, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Pain, Random Allocation, Relaxation Therapy, Pain Management
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