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Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
Abstract
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii is reported for eight years (1964-1971) of a long term program to document the effects of the combustion of coal, petroleum, and natural gas on the distribution of CO, in the atmosphere. The new data, when combined with earlier data, indicate that the annual average CO, concentration rose 3.4 '% between 1959 and 1971. The rate of rise, however, has not been steady. In the mid-1960's it declined. Recently it has accelerated. Similar changes in rate have been observed at the South Pole and are evidently a global phenomenon.
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“Its long-term observation began in Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and the South Pole in the late 1950s (Keeling et al., 1976a, b, 1996).”
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Bie, N., Lei, L., Zeng, Z., Cai, B., Yang, S., He, Z., Wu, C., & Nassar, R. (2018) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-11-1251-2018 · Cited by 29
“…a combination of sine and cosine trigonometric functions to statistically fit the seasonal variation of XCO2, which 268 was originally proposed by Keeling et al. (1976) and has been applied extensively in many studies (Thoning et al. 1989; 269 Kulawik et al., 2016; Lindqvist et al., 2015; Zeng…”
BackgroundEnoch, H. Z., & Hurd, R. G. (1979) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/bf01553106 · Cited by 29
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Baring Head, New Zealand
Lowe, D. C., Guenther, P. R., & Keeling, C. D. (1979) · Tellus · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00882.x · Cited by 29
Self-citationGaudry, A., Ascencio, J. M., & Lambert, G. (1983) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc088ic02p01323 · Cited by 29
The increase in oceanic carbon dioxide and the net CO2 flux into the North Atlantic
Roos, M., & Gravenhorst, G. (1984) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc089ic05p08181 · Cited by 29
Wegler, M., & Kuenzer, C. (2024) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs16122224 · Cited by 28
Applications of Satellite Observations of Tropospheric Composition
Monks, P. S., & Beirle, S. (2010) · Physics of earth and space environments · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3_8 · Cited by 28
Lavergne, A., Gennaretti, F., Risi, C., Daux, V., Boucher, É., Savard, M. M., Naulier, M., Villalba, R., Bégin, C., & Joel Guiot, B. (2017) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-13-1515-2017 · Cited by 28
“Data on the atmospheric CO2 concentration were derived from the Mauna Loa station over the 1958–2012 period (Keeling et al., 1976).”
MethodPath-integrated measurements of carbon dioxide in the urban canopy layer
Büns, C., & Kuttler, W. (2011) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.077 · Cited by 28
Grooß, J., & Muller, R. H. (2011) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.059 · Cited by 28
“The coincidence that the CR-induced ionisation rate peaks in about the same altitude region where temperatures are low enough for heterogeneous chlorine activation cannot be interpreted as evidence that cosmic rays are the cause of the ozone depletion and does not support the CRE mechanism.”
BackgroundCarbon Dioxide in the Free Troposphere and Boundary Layer at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory
McClure, C. D., Jaffe, D. A., & Gao, H. (2015) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0323 · Cited by 28
“Keeling et al. (1976) and Goldman (1974) demonstrated that CO 2 at Mauna Loa was increasing consistently every year in excess of 1 ppm year –1 based on measurements taken between 1968 and 1972.”
The Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Record: Lessons for Long-Term Earth Observations
Sundquist, E., & Keeling, R. (2009) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/2009gm000913 · Cited by 17
PALADYN v1.0, a comprehensive land surface–vegetation–carbon cycle model of intermediate complexity
Willeit, M., & Ganopolski, A. (2016) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3817-2016 · Cited by 29
“CO2 is prescribed from Bereiter et al. (2015) combined with Manua Loa data (Keeling et al., 1976).”
MethodVariation of carbon dioxide mole fraction at a typical urban area in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Fang, S., Du, R., Qi, B., Ma, Q., Zhang, G., Chen, B., & Li, J. (2021) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105884 · Cited by 27
Overall Warming with Reduced Seasonality: Temperature Change in New England, USA, 1900–2020
Young, S. S., & Young, J. S. (2021) · Climate · doi:10.3390/cli9120176 · Cited by 31
Zhu, X., Yu, G., Wang, Q., Gao, Y., He, H., Zheng, H., Chen, Z., Shi, P., Zhao, L., Li, Y., et al. (2015) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.11.028 · Cited by 27
“Given that no cyr was directly reported at most sites, we calculated cyr based on the CO2 mole fraction (bc) from Mauna Loa (Keeling et al., 1976; Thoning et al., 1989), CO2 mole mass (Mc, 44 g mol−1), and mole volume at the current state (V1) as: cyr = bc × Mc V1 (1) Where V1 can be calculated…”
MethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B., Bainbridge, A. E., Ekdahl, C. A., Guenther, P. R., Waterman, L. S., & Chin, J. F. S.
- Venue
- Tellus
- Publisher
- Stockholm University Press
- Published
- 1976-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 538-551
- ISSN
- 0040-2826 (ISSN-L)
- 2153-3490
- OpenAlex
- W2162066053
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 38.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Tellus (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- atmospheric CO2, Mauna Loa Observatory, fossil fuel combustion, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, CO2 concentration increase
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