The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
Abstract
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii is reported for eight years (1964-1971) of a long term program to document the effects of the combustion of coal, petroleum, and natural gas on the distribution of CO, in the atmosphere. The new data, when combined with earlier data, indicate that the annual average CO, concentration rose 3.4 '% between 1959 and 1971. The rate of rise, however, has not been steady. In the mid-1960's it declined. Recently it has accelerated. Similar changes in rate have been observed at the South Pole and are evidently a global phenomenon.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences
Bevington, P. R., Robinson, D. K., Blair, J. M., Mallinckrodt, A. J., & McKay, S. R. (1993) · Computers in Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4823194 · Cited by 15,003
An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series
Cooley, J. W., & Tukey, J. W. (1965) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-1965-0178586-1 · Cited by 13,154
The Measurement of Power Spectra
Blackman, R. B., Tukey, J. W., & Teichmann, T. (1960) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3056826 · Cited by 1,850
The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas
Keeling, C. D. (1958) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(58)90033-4 · Cited by 1,223
Self-citationA Scoring System for Probability Forecasts of Ranked Categories
Epstein, E. S. (1969) · Journal of applied meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1969)008 · Cited by 566
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Hawaii
Pales, J. C., & Keeling, C. D. (1965) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jz070i024p06053 · Cited by 289
Self-citationIndustrial production of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and limestone
Keeling, C. D. (1973) · Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb01604.x · Cited by 272
Self-citationBolin, B., & Keeling, C. D. (1963) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jz068i013p03899 · Cited by 261
Self-citationHinich, M. J., & Clay, C. S. (1968) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/rg006i003p00347 · Cited by 175
Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at the South Pole
Keeling, C. D., Adams, J. A. S., Ekdahl, C. A., & Guenther, P. R. (1976) · Tellus · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00702.x · Cited by 141
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ekdahl, 1971, Mauna Loa carbon dioxide project, Report, 4, 349
- Kelley, 1969, An analysis of carbon dioxide in the Arctic atmosphere near Pt. Barrow, Alaska, 1961 to 1967
- Mendonca, 1969, The trade wind inversion on the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, J. Appl. Meteo., 8, 213, 10.1175/1520-0450(1969)008<0213:TTWIAT>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
- Smith, 1953, A recording infrared analyser, Instruments, 26, 421
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 793
Assessing Global Climate Change’s Impact on Agriculture
Doering, O. C., & Randolph, J. C. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0969-1_1 · Cited by 2
Басок, Б. І., Bazeev, E. T., & Dubovskyi, S. V. (2023) · Наукова думка eBooks · doi:10.15407/978-966-00-1841-9 · Cited by 2
Economic and financial instruments of forest management in the Czech Republic
Perunová, M., & Zimmermannová, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2023.1237597 · Cited by 2
Özbay, N., & Toker, S. (2024) · Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment · doi:10.1007/s00477-023-02583-1 · Cited by 2
“( see Keeling 1960; Pales et al. 1965; Keeling et al. 1976; Keeling 1978, Keeling et al. 2001).”
Shen, S. S., & Lewis, P. E. (2008) · Cited by 2
Atmospheric Trace Gases and Aerosols
Jennings, S. G. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79287-8_10 · Cited by 2
Hoheisel, A., Couret, C., Hellack, B., & Schmidt, M. (2023) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-16-2399-2023 · Cited by 2
“Historically, most measurement stations are located on coasts, such as Mace Head, Ireland (Bousquet et al., 1996); island mountains, such as Mauna Loa, Hawaii (Keeling et al., 1976) or Izana, Spain (Navascues and Rus, 1991; Gomez-Pelaez et al., 2019); or continental mountains, such as Mount Cimone, Italy (Ciattaglia,…”
BackgroundEnergy use and climatic changes
Williams, J., & Häfele, W. (1978) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/0094-5765(78)90087-5 · Cited by 2
Roles of the oceans in the CO2 question
Crane, A. J., & Liss, P. S. (1983) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0025-326x(83)90042-5 · Cited by 2
Möller, D., & Oelßner, W. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9783527688302.ch12 · Cited by 2
Observation Based Budget and Lifetime of Excess Atmospheric Carbon DioxidePreprint
Schwartz, S. E. (2021) · doi:10.5194/acp-2021-924 · Cited by 3
Bertler, N. A. N. (2011) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_260 · Cited by 2
Pallas, J. E. (1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-690950-0.50019-3 · Cited by 2
Balaceanu, J. C., Bertrand, A., & Lacour, J. J. (1989) · Energy Exploration & Exploitation · doi:10.1177/014459878900700506 · Cited by 1
Bonan, G. B., Deser, C., Wieder, W. R., Lombardozzi, D., & Lehner, F. (2024) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-024-00878-w · Cited by 1
“The smoothing corrects a discontinuity in the magnitude of interannual variability of the biomass burning emissions used in ensemble members 1 – 50 that produces spurious warming in northern high latitudes 32,67 .”
Atmospheric CO2 concentration prediction based on bidirectional long short-term memory
Qiao, Y., Yang, H., Cui, L., Zhang, Y., Feng, G., Fan, H., Lv, Q., & Yao, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2026.1736569 · Cited by 1
A Modeling Perspective of Global Carbon Cycle Science: From a Missing Sink to Net Zero
Friedlingstein, P. (2026) · Tellus · doi:10.16993/tellus.4176 · Cited by 1
Innovative Praktiken, instabile Werte: Zur Ontologie des globalen Klimawandels
Braun-Thürmann, H. (2012) · Innovation und Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94128-8_10 · Cited by 1
Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Biodiversität
Wittig, R., & Niekisch, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54694-5_12 · Cited by 1
Michalak, A. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511894824.009 · Cited by 1
Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe und ihre Sondierung
Burrows, J. P., Fischer, H., Künzi, K., Pfeilsticker, K., Platt, U., Richter, A., Riese, M., Stiller, G. P., & Wagner, T. (2007) · Chemie in unserer Zeit · doi:10.1002/ciuz.200700426 · Cited by 1
“Wasserdampf in der Atmosphäre ist eines der für die zukünftige Klimaentwicklung wichtigsten Spurengase.”
BackgroundInfluentialStochastic Modeling for Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Farook, A. J., & Kannan, K. S. (2014) · Journal of Statistics and Management Systems · doi:10.1080/09720510.2014.891334 · Cited by 1
Global Carbon Budget Changes under RCP Scenarios in HadGEM2-CC
Heo, T.-K., Boo, K., Shim, S., Hong, J., & Hong, J. (2015) · Atmosphere · doi:10.14191/atmos.2015.25.1.085 · Cited by 1
Variability and Change in Climate
Ussiri, D. A. N., & Lal, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53845-7_2 · Cited by 1
Energy and carbon emissions of buildings
Al-Sallal, K. A. (2016) · Sustainable energy developments · doi:10.1201/b19882-2 · Cited by 1
Bertau, M., & Steiner, G. (2023) · Chemie Ingenieur Technik · doi:10.1002/cite.202300158 · Cited by 1
RetractedProjecting stock market impacts of climate change via rational bubble models
Fry, J. M. (2025) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70078 · Cited by 1
Manoj, P., Banyal, R. K., Majumdar, L., Goyal, J., Nandy, D., Chatterjee, S., Narendranath, K. C. S., Tej, A., & Sivarani, T. (2025) · Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s12036-025-10051-1 · Cited by 1
Pallandt, M. M. T. A., Chatterjee, A., Ott, L. E., Marshall, J., & Goeckede, M. (2025) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-18-7053-2025 · Cited by 1
Intensive Study of Ambient Carbon Dioxide Variability in Urban Atlanta
Mr., V., & Brian, L. (2011) · Cited by 1
Paiewonsky, P., & Timm, O. E. (2018) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-11-861-2018 · Cited by 1
“The CO2 data is taken from the Mauna Loa dataset (Keeling et al., 1976) for 1959 and on and from 20 year-smoothed ice core data (Etheridge et al., 1998) for the prior years.”
MethodAsemanrafat, M., Honar, T., & Sepaskhah, A. (2017) · Modern Applied Science · doi:10.5539/mas.v11n8p19 · Cited by 1
Keeling Curve: Result, Interpretation & Global Monitoring
Ostrowski, A. (2017) · International Journal for Empirical Education and Research · doi:10.35935/edr/14.3834 · Cited by 1
Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Uoshima Island, Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Ohtaki, E. (1983) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/bf02269392 · Cited by 1
Rodgers-Miller, L., & Bardach, J. E. (1988) · Ocean Yearbook Online · doi:10.1163/221160088x00129 · Cited by 1
Solar-cyclic variation in radiation from atmospheric carbon dioxide
Seshamani, R., Alex, T. K., Jain, Y. K., & Kanakaraju, K. (1988) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/0032-0633(88)90053-0 · Cited by 1
Herbert, G. A., Harris, T. B., & Chin, J. F. S. (1983) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc088ic11p06865 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLos, S. O. (2015) · doi:10.5194/gmdd-8-4781-2015 · Cited by 1
“A minor but interesting feature can be observed in the spatial correlations for the CCVI; these correlations exhibit a saw tooth pattern with higher correlations just after launch of subsequent NOAA satellites and a decrease during their time of operation; thus correlations decrease from 1982–1985 (NOAA-7), from 1985–…”
MethodInfluentialRead, L., & McKinney, D. C. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Proceedings of, S. P. I. E. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.806324 · Cited by 1
Ahue, W. K. M. (2010) · Cited by 1
Deforestation impact assessment: the problems involved
Wilson, M. F., & Henderson-Sellers, A. (1983) · Cited by 1
Gitis, V., & Rothenberg, G. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9783527696550.ch5 · Cited by 1
梁, 浩., 陆, 波., & 钱, 维. (2011) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb2011-56-1-68 · Cited by 1
Zhang, Z., Luo, X., Friess, D. A., Wang, S., Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3264476/v1 · Cited by 1
Climatic System, Climatic Change and the Carbon Effect
Schönwiese, C. ‐. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7918-5_6 · Cited by 1
Spencer, L. H., Spies, I., Gardner, J. L., Roberts, S., & Long, W. C. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.04.703865 · Cited by 1
“Since monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide began at Mauna Loa Research Station (Keeling et al., 1976), concentrations have risen by ~33%, from 316 ppm in 1959 to 425 ppm in 2024 (based on annual means, https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/data.html).”
Szymczycha, B. (2015) · GeoPlanet: earth and planetary sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14283-8_6
Environmental Concerns Regarding CO2
Sun, C., Zhang, W., & Liu, H. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53882-6.00015-2
Myers, N. (2011) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
(2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2260595
Future world energy development and climatic risk
Bach, W. (1982) · Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/030913338200600405
An Estimation of Mean Background Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases Observed on Ulleungdo
Lim, Y.-K., Moon, Y.-S., Kim, J.-S., Song, S.-K., & Hong, J.-H. (2012) · Journal of the Korean earth science society · doi:10.5467/jkess.2012.33.1.32
“이와 같이 온실기체의 중요성이 심각하게 부각됨에 따라 미국 마우나로아에서 1958년부터 대기중 CO2의 지 속적인 관측이 이루어짐을 시작으로 전 세계적으로 많은 관측소가 설치되었다(Keeling et al., 1976, 1995).”
Fishman, J., Al-Saadi, J. A., Neil, D. O., Creilson, J. K., Severance, K., Thomason, L. W., & Edwards, D. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.799499
“REFERENCES [1] Keeling, C.”
McKinnell, S. M., & Christian, J. R. (2009) · doi:10.5194/bgd-6-4587-2009
“During the 20th century, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen rapidly from widespread combustion of deposits of carbon-based fuels by humans (Keeling et al., 1976).”
POSSIBLE CLIMATIC CHANGE BY ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 EMISSION
Hartwig, S., Heudorfer, W., & Schnatz, G. (1982) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-028774-4.50025-7
Possible future trends of radiation exposure by carbon 14
Matthies, M., & Paretzke, H. G. (1982) · Radiation and Environmental Biophysics · doi:10.1007/bf01325470
Carbon dioxide variations in continental air
Talma, A. S., & Vogel, J. C. (1979) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/0160-4120(79)90013-8
Predicting Seasonal Cycles of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide from 1 Global Temperature Anomalies
Tangborn, W. V. (2009) · AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
A critical analysis of the Kyoto Protocol using Monte Carlo simulation and MAGICC
Lambert, P. (2024) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/210s-zy57
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations at 10 Locations Spanning Latitudes 82°N to 90°S
Keeling, C. D., & Whorf, T. P. (2004)
Self-citationCharacterizing Carbon-Dioxide Fluxes from Oceans and Terrestrial Ecosystems
Krakauer, N. Y. (2006) · CaltechTHESIS (California Institute of Technology) · doi:10.7907/8b12-1g19
The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Eects Within The Frame Of Physics
Gerlich, G. (2007)
Carbon and Climate System Coupling on Timescales from the Precambrian
Doney, S. C., & SCHIMEL, D. S. (2007)
BALANCE TO CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE, CO2 AND NITROGEN FORM
Walker, B. J. (2013)
Proceedings of, S. P. I. E. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.806328
Proceedings of, S. P. I. E. (2008) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.806326
Kitano, Y. (1993) · Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) · doi:10.5026/jgeography.102.6_664
Practical Ethics and Carbon Finance
Walsh, W. (2011) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230306806_14
The development of O2/N2 measurement capability at the CIO Groningen.
Neubert, R. E. M., & Meijer, H. A. J. (2002) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
二酸化炭素気柱量計測用1.57 μm光ファイバー型レーザー吸収分光計
Sakaizawa, D., Kawakami, S., Nakajima, M., TANAKA, T., Inoue, M., Morino, I., & Uchino, O. (2014) · National Remote Sensing Bulletin · doi:10.11440/rssj.34.1
Wetherald, R. T. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-227410-5/00303-3
Arehart, J. H. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Shackelford, N. (2017) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Atmospheric Composition and Structure
Schoof, J. T. (2014) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0087
Haimberger, L. (2014) · Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1553/aar14s133
GOSAT-2搭載TANSO-FTS-2の熱赤外バンドによる温室効果ガス観測
尚子, 齋., & 今須, 良. (2019) · 日本リモートセンシング学会誌 · doi:10.11440/rssj.39.29
Desertization: Irreversible Extension of Desert Land
(2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1081/e-ess3-120001691
Przyczyny zmian ziemskiego klimatu
Kosek, W. (2020) · PRZEGLĄD GEODEZYJNY · doi:10.15199/50.2020.3.1
Oceanography TH E OFFI CIAL MA GAzI NE OF THE OCE ANOGRAPHY SO CIETY
Frisk, G. V., Urban, E., Tyack, P. L., Ausubel, J. H., Cato, D. H., Southall, B. L., Akamatsu, T., Dekeling, R. P. A., Erbe, C., Farmer, D., et al. (2011)
Empirical Fitting of Periodically Repeating Environmental Data
Bělı́k, P., Hotchkiss, A., Perez, B., & Zobitz, J. M. (2021) · Spora A Journal of Biomathematics · doi:10.30707/spora7.1.1647885542.965997
Hönisch, B., Eggins, S. M., Haynes, L. L., Allen, K. A., Holland, K. D., & Lorbacher, K. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119010678.ch1
DEVIKA, K. R., & Ashraf, P. M. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12441920.v1
Atmospheric C02 Concentration in Subantarctic Countries
Gaudry, A., Ascencio, J. M., & Lambert, G. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5494-6_23
(2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-386-rc1
Schwartz, S. E. (2021) · doi:10.5194/acp-2021-924-ac1
Schidlowski, M. (1980) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-38516-5_1
Comments on Global Carbon Budget 2021 (essd-2021-386)
(2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-386-cc1
Oeschger, H. (1980) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01978584
Nord, L. O., & Bolland, O. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9783527826667.refs
Schwartz, S. E. (2022) · doi:10.5194/acp-2021-924-ac3
(2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-386-rc2
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-386-ac1
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-386-ac2
Friedlingstein, P. (2022) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-2021-386-ac3
Metadata
- Authors
- Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B., Bainbridge, A. E., Ekdahl, C. A., Guenther, P. R., Waterman, L. S., & Chin, J. F. S.
- Venue
- Tellus
- Publisher
- Stockholm University Press
- Published
- 1976-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 538-551
- ISSN
- 0040-2826 (ISSN-L)
- 2153-3490
- OpenAlex
- W2162066053
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 38.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Tellus (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- atmospheric CO2, Mauna Loa Observatory, fossil fuel combustion, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, CO2 concentration increase
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
