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Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
Abstract
The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii is reported for eight years (1964-1971) of a long term program to document the effects of the combustion of coal, petroleum, and natural gas on the distribution of CO, in the atmosphere. The new data, when combined with earlier data, indicate that the annual average CO, concentration rose 3.4 '% between 1959 and 1971. The rate of rise, however, has not been steady. In the mid-1960's it declined. Recently it has accelerated. Similar changes in rate have been observed at the South Pole and are evidently a global phenomenon.
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“This cycle produces a 1–2% change in the CO2 abundance over the year (Keeling et al., 1976, 1996; Bacastow et al., 1985), and its amplitude in the global average is a function of our land mass distribution and obliquity.”
BackgroundSeasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater
Weiss, R. F., Jahnke, R. A., & Keeling, C. D. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/300511a0 · Cited by 167
Self-citationJones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P., Janssens‐Maenhout, G., De-Gol, A. J., Ciais, P., Patra, P. K., Chevallier, F., & Quéré, C. L. (2021) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00779-6 · Cited by 171
Predicting the impact of changing CO2 on crop yields: some thoughts on food
Ziska, L. H., & Bunce, J. A. (2007) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02180.x · Cited by 160
Jasoni, R. L., Smith, S. D., & Arnone, J. A. (2005) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00948.x · Cited by 154
“Over the past century, atmospheric CO2 levels ([CO2]) have increased 30%, mainly as the result of human activities (Keeling et al., 1976).”
BackgroundCarbon cycle feedbacks and future climate change
Friedlingstein, P. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0421 · Cited by 160
“Keeling was the first to quantify the airborne fraction, the fraction of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere, to be about 60% of the fossil fuel emissions [3,24].”
BackgroundPoorter, H., Knopf, O., Wright, I. J., Temme, A. A., Hogewoning, S. W., Graf, A., Cernusak, L. A., & Pons, T. L. (2021) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.17802 · Cited by 158
In situ measurement of atmospheric CO 2 at the four WMO/GAW stations in China
Fang, S., Zhou, L., Tans, P. P., Ciais, P., Steinbacher, M., Xu, L., & Luan, T. (2014) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-14-2541-2014 · Cited by 152
“For this purpose,5 55 yr ago, long-term measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentration began at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (Keeling et al., 1976; Keeling, 2008).”
BackgroundWalker, B. J., Strand, D. D., Kramer, D., & Cousins, A. B. (2014) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.114.238238 · Cited by 141
Sutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Maenner-Jones, S., Lawrence‐Slavas, N., Meinig, C., Feely, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Musielewicz, S., Bott, R., McLain, P. D., et al. (2014) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-6-353-2014 · Cited by 141
“…time series, or “Keeling curve”, is an example of how observations gain importance with time, as they provide the basis for understanding future changes to the earth system in the context of current and historical observations (Keeling et al., 1976; Thoning et al., 1989; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAtmospheric carbon dioxide variations at the South Pole
Keeling, C. D., Adams, J. A. S., Ekdahl, C. A., & Guenther, P. R. (1976) · Tellus · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00702.x · Cited by 141
Self-citationWang, Y., Munger, J. W., Xu, S., McElroy, M. B., Hao, J., Nielsen, C., & Ma, H. (2010) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-10-8881-2010 · Cited by 139
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: possible effects on arctic tundra
Billings, W. D., Luken, J. O., Mortensen, D. A., & Peterson, K. M. (1983) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/bf00385225 · Cited by 139
Detecting CO2-induced climatic change
Wigley, T. M. L., & Jones, P. D. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/292205a0 · Cited by 133
Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Quéré, C. L., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., et al. (2026) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-18-3211-2026 · Cited by 230
Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Pollution from Space
Fishman, J., Bowman, K. W., Burrows, J. P., Richter, A., Chance, K., Edwards, D. P., Martin, R. V., Morris, G. A., Pierce, R. B., Ziemke, J. R., et al. (2008) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/2008bams2526.1 · Cited by 131
“Keeling’s long-term in situ record of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements from Mauna Loa initiated in 1957 (Keeling et al., 1976) illustrates clearly that fossil fuel combustion has altered the atmospheric radiation balance, contributing to global warming (IPCC, 2007).”
BackgroundNew perspectives in ecotoxicology
Levin, S. A., Kimball, K. D., McDowell, W. H., & Kimball, S. F. (1984) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/bf01871807 · Cited by 127
Exoplanet Biosignatures: Future Directions
Walker, S. I., Bains, W., Cronin, L., DasSarma, S., Danielache, S. O., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Kaçar, B., Kiang, N. Y.-L., Lenardic, A., Reinhard, C. T., et al. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1738 · Cited by 137
“This is exemplified by the observed *2% seasonal amplitude in CO2 concentration in the northern hemisphere caused primarily by the growth and decay or senescence of land vegetation (Keeling, 1960; Keeling et al., 1976; Keeling et al., 1996; see Figure 12).”
BackgroundEmanuel, W. R., & Killough, G. G. (1984) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1938069 · Cited by 125
Carbon and Climate System Coupling on Timescales from the Precambrian to the Anthropocene
Doney, S. C., & SCHIMEL, D. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041706.124700 · Cited by 127
Forty years of numerical climate modelling
McGuffie, K., & Henderson-Sellers, A. (2001) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.632 · Cited by 122
“Concentrations of greenhouse gases are increasing, stratospheric ozone is being depleted, and the changing chemical composition of the atmosphere is reducing its ability to cleanse itself through oxidation (e.g. Keeling et al., 1976, 1995; WMO, 1994; Houghton et al., 1996; MacKay et al., 1997).”
BackgroundActivities of the global biosphere as reflected in atmospheric CO2 records
Pearman, G. I., & Hyson, P. (1980) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc085ic08p04457 · Cited by 120
Biotic, abiotic and performance aspects of the Nevada Desert Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Facility
Jordan, D. N., Zitzer, S. F., Hendrey, G. R., Lewin, K. F., Nagy, J., Nowak, R. S., Smith, S. D., Coleman, J. S., & Seemann, J. R. (1999) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00255.x · Cited by 117
“The 30% increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past century (Keeling et al. 1976, 1989; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1992) is widely believed to be unprecedented.”
BackgroundDrainage of Organic Soils as a Factor in the World Carbon Cycle
Armentano, T. V. (1980) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1308375 · Cited by 114
Bilgili, M. S., Tümse, S., & Nar, S. (2024) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-024-09390-y · Cited by 129
Ocean Dynamics and the Carbon Cycle: Principles and Mechanisms
Williams, R. G., & Follows, M. J. (2011) · Cited by 111
Distribution of and changes in industrial carbon dioxide production
Rotty, R. M. (1983) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc088ic02p01301 · Cited by 111
Interannual variability of ecosystem carbon exchange: From observation to prediction
Niu, S., Fu, Z., Luo, Y., Stoy, P. C., Keenan, T. F., Poulter, B., Zhang, L., Piao, S. L., Zhou, X., Zheng, H., et al. (2017) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12633 · Cited by 111
The effect of high levels of carbon dioxide on dark respiration and growth of plants
Reuveni, J., & Gale, J. (1985) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1985.tb01701.x · Cited by 110
Los, S. O. (2013) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1002/gbc.20027 · Cited by 108
“[9] Monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations for 1958–2006 [Keeling et al., 1976; Thoning et al., 1989] are extended back in time with the annual CO2 records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS ice cores [Etheridge et al., 2001].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Keeling, C. D., Bacastow, R. B., Bainbridge, A. E., Ekdahl, C. A., Guenther, P. R., Waterman, L. S., & Chin, J. F. S.
- Venue
- Tellus
- Publisher
- Stockholm University Press
- Published
- 1976-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 538-551
- ISSN
- 0040-2826 (ISSN-L)
- 2153-3490
- OpenAlex
- W2162066053
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 38.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Tellus (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- atmospheric CO2, Mauna Loa Observatory, fossil fuel combustion, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, CO2 concentration increase
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