Squalene isolated from marine macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa and its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
Abstract
Evaluating biofunctional properties of marine natural products receives increased attention in recent research. Current study explores the biofunctional properties of Caulerpa racemosa 70% ethanol extract (CRE) to identify bioactive principals. Ethyl acetate (CREE) and hexane (CREH) fractions of CRE indicated potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Bioassay-guided purification of CREH led to the isolation of squalene, which indicated prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Squalene reduced alkyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging and 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Squalene increased protective effects in HaCaT keratinocytes against UV-induced cell damage by reducing ROS levels. Furthermore, squalene could reduce nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX-2) levels, and some key pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW macrophages. Structure of squalene was confirmed by NMR and GC-MS/MS analysis. This is the first study to report the isolation of squalene from the macroalgae C. racemosa. Practical applications Caulerpa racemosa is an edible green alga popularly consumed as a salad in South East Asia. The current study highlights the antioxidant and the broad range of anti-inflammatory functionality of its 70% ethanol extract and solvent fractions. The studies led to the isolation of squalene which also indicated prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Hence C. racemosa possesses nutraceutical and bioactive properties which enable it to be used as a functional food ingredient or in manufacturing cosmeceuticals.
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Significant levels of squalene have been detected in microalgae and macroalgae.
“Significant levels of squalene have been detected in microalgae and macroalgae [64]”
From Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
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“Squalene has also been found to reduce intracellular ROS as well as ultraviolet-induced ROS levels in cultured cells (91).”
BackgroundKey Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production
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- Authors
- Fernando, I. P. S., Sanjeewa, K. K. A., Samarakoon, K. W., Lee, W. W., Kim, H.-S., & Jeon, Y.-J.
- Affiliations
- Jeju National University (KR)
- Industrial Technology Institute (LK)
- Corresponding author
- Jeon, You-Jin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Food Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-07-25
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e12628
- ISSN
- 0145-8884 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2883968447
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Food Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (Marine Biotechnology Program (20170488))
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
- Keywords
- squalene, Caulerpa racemosa, seaweed, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, inflammatory cytokines, LPS-stimulated macrophages, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, bioassay-guided fractionation
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