Cited by 655Seaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressExercise and Physiological Responses

The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: An overview

Wu, Qinghua, Liu, Lian, Miron, Anca, Klímová, Blanka, Wan, Dan, Kuča, Kamil·2016·Archives of Toxicology

Abstract

Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention. Oxidative stress and dysfunctional immunity cause many diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Thus, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of these microalgae may play an important role in human health. Here, we discuss the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina in both animals and humans, along with the underlying mechanisms. In addition, its commercial and regulatory status in different countries is discussed as well. Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, there appears to be a threshold level above which Spirulina will taper off the antioxidant activity. Clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The molecular mechanism(s) by which Spirulina induces these activities is unclear, but phycocyanin and β-carotene are important molecules. Moreover, Spirulina effectively regulates the ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and IκB pathways. This review provides new insight into the potential therapeutic applications of Spirulina and may provide new ideas for future studies.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00204-016-1744-5

Cites

143 of 143 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Wu, Q., Liu, L., Miron, A., Klímová, B., Wan, D., & Kuča, K.
Affiliations
  • Yangtze University (CN)
  • Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
  • University of Hradec Králové (CZ)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
  • University Hospital Hradec Králové (CZ)
Corresponding author
  • Wu, Qinghua
  • Kuča, Kamil
Venue
Archives of Toxicology
Published
2016-06-03
Volume
90
Issue
8
Pages
1817-1840
ISSN
  • 0340-5761 (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0738
OpenAlex
W2415454315
Cited by
655
References
143
Citations by year
2026: 70 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 2
FWCI
2.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Archives of Toxicology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China
  • Yangtze University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords
Spirulina, Spirulina platensis, Spirulina maxima, cyanobacteria, antioxidant activity, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory activity, oxidative stress, nutraceuticals, superoxide dismutase, catalase, lipid peroxidation, phycocyanin, beta-carotene, cytokine gene expression, MAPK signaling, NF-κB signaling, food supplement regulation
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Lipid Peroxidation, Oxidative Stress, Dietary Supplements, Spirulina

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review