The Concept of City Carbon Maps: A Case Study of Melbourne, Australia
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Summary: Cities are thought to be associated with most of humanity's consumption of natural resources and impacts on the environment. Cities not only constitute major centers of economic activity, knowledge, innovation, and governance—they are also said to be linked to approximately 70% to 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions. This makes cities primary agents of change in a resource‐ and carbon‐constraint world. In order to set meaningful targets, design successful policies, and implement effective mitigation strategies, it is important that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting for cities is accurate, comparable, comprehensive, and complete. Despite recent developments in the standardization of city GHG accounting, there is still a lack of consistent guidelines regarding out‐of‐boundary emissions, thus hampering efforts to identify mitigation priorities and responsibilities. We introduce a new conceptual framework—based on environmental input‐output analysis—that allows for a consistent and complete reconciliation of direct and indirect GHG emissions from a city. The “city carbon map” shows local, regional, national, and global origins and destinations of flows of embodied emissions. We test the carbon map concept by applying it to the greater metropolitan area of Melbourne, Australia. We discuss the results and limitations of the approach in the light of possible mitigation strategies and policies by different urban stakeholders.
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The primary contributors to Melbourne's carbon footprint are households, government, and businesses, accounting for 64%, 15%, and 21% of total emissions, respectively.
“The primary contributors to Melbourne’s carbon footprint are households, government, and businesses, accounting for 64%, 15%, and 21% of total emissions, respectively.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiedmann et al. 2016
Wiedmann et al. created a carbon footprint map for Melbourne, revealing a total of 25.1 t CO2-eq/capita.
“Wiedmann et al. created a carbon footprint map for Melbourne, revealing a total of 25.1 t CO2-eq/capita (Wiedmann et al. 2016).”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiedmann et al. 2016
Industries' emissions incorporated in local and exported products are 4.3 t CO2-eq/capita and 5.3 t CO2-eq/capita, respectively.
“Among these emissions, the industries’ emissions incorporated in local and exported products are 4.3 t CO2-eq/capita and 5.3 t CO2-eq/capita, respectively.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiedmann et al. 2016
Power generation and demand emissions totalled 10 t CO2-eq/capita, while import-related emissions totalled 10.8 t CO2-eq/capita.
“Additionally, power generation and demand emissions totalled 10 t CO2-eq/capita, while import-related emissions totalled 10.8 t CO2-eq/capita.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiedmann et al. 2016
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Hidden greenhouse gas emissions for water utilities in China's cities
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Urban carbon accounting: An overview
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Industrial energy, materials and products: UK decarbonisation challenges and opportunities
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A review on the quantification of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions at urban scale
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Unveiling key drivers of urban embodied and controlled carbon footprints
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Leveraging opportunity of low carbon transition by super-emitter cities in China
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Virtual laboratories and MRIO analysis – an introduction
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Australia's circular economy metrics and indicators
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Replacement Scenarios for Construction Materials Based on Economy-wide Hybrid LCA
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A two-stage clustering approach to investigate lifestyle carbon footprints in two Australian cities
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- Authors
- Wiedmann, T. O., Chen, G., & Barrett, J.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wiedmann, Thomas O.
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial Ecology
- Published
- 2015-10-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 676-691
- ISSN
- 1088-1980 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9290
- OpenAlex
- W1906176694
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 12.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial Ecology (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- World Bank Group
- Greater London Authority
- World Resources Institute
- University of Leeds
- University of New South Wales
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/N022645/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Keywords
- urban greenhouse gas emissions, embodied emissions, environmentally extended input-output analysis, direct and indirect emissions, emissions accounting, carbon mitigation strategies, urban climate policy, Melbourne metropolitan area
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