The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Environmental Impacts of Reuse: A Review
Abstract
Summary: The fear that human consumption is causing climate change, biodiversity loss, and mineral scarcity has recently prompted interest in reuse because of the intuitive belief that it reduces new production and waste. The environmental impacts of reuse have, however, received little attention—the benefits typically assumed rather than understood—and consequently the overall effects remain unclear. In this article, we structure the current work on the topic, reviewing the potential benefits and pitfalls described in the literature and providing a framework for future research. Many products’ use‐phase energy requirements are decreasing. The relative importance of the embodied impacts from initial production is therefore growing and the prominence of reuse as an abatement strategy is likely to increase in the future. Many examples are found in the literature of beneficial reuse of standardized, unpowered products and components, and repairing an item is always found to be less energy intensive than new production. However, reusing a product does not guarantee an environmental benefit. Attention must be paid to restoring and upgrading old product efficiencies, minimizing overspecification in the new application, and considering whether more efficient, new products exist that would be more suitable. Cheap, reused goods can allow many consumers access to products they would otherwise have been unable to afford. Though socially valuable, these sales, which may help minimize landfill in the short term, can represent additional consumption rather than a net environmental benefit compared to the status quo.
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In the citing paper
“Structural steel has a particular propensity for reuse considering its maintained capacity over time (durability), potential for reversible connections (e.g., bolted connections), maturity as a technology and high level of standardization, and modularity, all of which have been identified as enabling factors for reuse (Lee et al. 2024;Cooper and Gutowski 2017).”
From Reusing Heavy-Section Steel in Buildings: Carbon Reduction Potential and Material Availability (2025) · cites this paper as Cooper and Gutowski 2017
In the citing paper
“lifetime extension is only valid when the avoided impacts from production, e.g., energy use and the subsequent reduction in impact upstream such as raw material extraction and transportation, are lower than the impacts from producing more durable components or treating the returned product to extend its lifetime [20,26].”
From Is Prolonging the Lifetime of Passive Durable Products a Low-Hanging Fruit of a Circular Economy? A Multiple Case Study (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Passive durable products, however, hold a larger and more consistent potential for environmental improvement because their environmental impact is dominated by the production phase, usually the production of materials, while their physical lifetime is not fully exploited [20].”
From Is Prolonging the Lifetime of Passive Durable Products a Low-Hanging Fruit of a Circular Economy? A Multiple Case Study (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Passive durable products, however, hold a larger and more consistent potential for environmental improvement because their environmental impact is dominated by the production phase, usually the production of materials, while their physical lifetime is not fully exploited [20].”
From Is Prolonging the Lifetime of Passive Durable Products a Low-Hanging Fruit of a Circular Economy? A Multiple Case Study (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“the extension of the lifetime of passive durable products, i.e., products that do not consume energy or materials during the use phase, has been found by researchers to have high potential [18][19][20].”
From Is Prolonging the Lifetime of Passive Durable Products a Low-Hanging Fruit of a Circular Economy? A Multiple Case Study (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Passive durable products, however, hold a larger and more consistent potential for environmental improvement because their environmental impact is dominated by the production phase, usually the production of materials, while their physical lifetime is not fully exploited [20].”
From Is Prolonging the Lifetime of Passive Durable Products a Low-Hanging Fruit of a Circular Economy? A Multiple Case Study (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Estimates for remanufacturing savings of EEE range from 50%-80% when the use phase is excluded [19].”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
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Returnable packaging systems and store operations: Processes, costs, and benefits
Raible, I. M., Holweg, C., Reiner, G., & Teller, C. (2024) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13477 · Cited by 8
Özer, A. H. (2019) · Computers & Operations Research · doi:10.1016/j.cor.2019.06.005 · Cited by 8
Milios, L., & Dalhammar, C. (2023) · Journal of Circular Economy · doi:10.55845/ahfr5526 · Cited by 7
Pluhnau, R., Lübke, J., & Nagarajah, A. (2023) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.03.132 · Cited by 7
Klose, S., & Fröhling, M. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108012 · Cited by 7
Intentions of housing developers to reuse wood materials in buildings
Gangsø, M. R. S., Lien, G., Mehmetoglu, M., Sjølie, H. K., & Størdal, S. (2025) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13618 · Cited by 10
von Gries, N., & Bringezu, S. (2022) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources11020024 · Cited by 7
“Consumption patterns also play a role—for example, the offer of a cheap second-hand product can also lead to additional consumption that would not have taken place otherwise [39].”
BackgroundOut of the Box: Exploring Cardboard Returnability in Nanostore Supply Chains
Hidalgo-Carvajal, D., Gutiérrez-Franco, E., Mejía‐Argueta, C., & Suntura-Escobar, H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15107804 · Cited by 7
Accounting the effects of product reuse and repair in life-cycle assessment
Baxter, J., Callewaert, P., & Danielsen, R. (2024) · Cleaner Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.clet.2024.100774 · Cited by 7
Pathways to green personalisation: Reducing consumption through design
Kuksa, I., Kent, A., & West, H. (2024) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2024.2377893 · Cited by 7
“These recent developments are of great importance to a more resource-efficient approach to producing goods, but they only slightly reduce the volume of manufacturing (Cooper and Gutowski 2015) or may even unintentionally increase it (Polimeni et al. 2008).”
Aguado, S., Cotler, H., Astier, M., & Padilla‐Rivera, A. (2025) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-025-00582-8 · Cited by 7
Vivanco, D. F., & Makov, T. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190949501.003.0010 · Cited by 7
A Closed-Loop Context-Aware Framework for Sustainable Smart PSS Development
Li, X., Wang, Z., Zheng, P., Peng, T., & Chen, C. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE) · doi:10.1109/case48305.2020.9217030 · Cited by 7
“…additional use cycles of the whole or partial of product in an alternative market, without changing their A Closed-Loop Context-Aware Framework for Sustainable Smart PSS Development * original state, and it is widely adopted in the industrial sectors of construction, packaging, and textiles [9].”
BackgroundBieser, J. C. T., Burkhalter, L., Hilty, L. M., Fuchs, B., & Blumer, Y. (2021) · doi:10.31880/10344/10165 · Cited by 7
“…extension indicates that this does not occur on a one-to-one basis (imperfect substitution, Makov and Font Vivanco 2018; Zink et al. 2014; Zink and Geyer 2017), e.g. because used devices might be purchased by consumers who would not purchase a new device otherwise (Cooper & Gutowski, 2017).”
BackgroundDigital Technology Use Cases for Deconstruction and Reverse Logistics
van den Berg, M. (2024) · Circular economy and sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39675-5_11 · Cited by 8
Circular Consumption in Everyday Life: Drawing Insights into the Creation of a Circular City
Tiensuu, A. (2024) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-024-00444-9 · Cited by 6
Ali, A., Hossain, R., Heriyanto, H., & Sahajwalla, V. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.107016 · Cited by 11
Tokarski, D., & Motowidlak, U. (2022) · Economics and Environment · doi:10.34659/eis.2022.82.3.483 · Cited by 5
“The reduction of waste, i.e. zero waste, has recently been of particular interest (Cooper & Gutowski, 2017; ITU, 2020; ISPO, 2019).”
BackgroundSustainability Assessment of Various Circular Economy Scenarios in the Consumer Electronics Sector
Canetta, L., Fontana, A., Foletti, M., & Tschanen, M. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) · doi:10.1109/ice.2018.8436270 · Cited by 6
“In fact, consumer finished product reuse is often associated with relocation, for instance Africa and South America are typically the destination of the majority of reused mobile phones [1].”
BackgroundFakhurozi, A., Suhariyanto, T. T., & Faishal, M. (2021) · Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri · doi:10.25077/josi.v20.n1.p61-71.2021 · Cited by 6
The Countless Lives of Newspapers and the Right to Repurpose
Errázuriz, T., & Greene, R. (2021) · Design and Culture · doi:10.1080/17547075.2021.1967687 · Cited by 6
Knowledge management approach for sustainable waste management: evolving a conceptual framework
Abila, B., Abila, N., & Kantola, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environment and Waste Management · doi:10.1504/ijewm.2023.130546 · Cited by 6
Environmental Externalities of Secondhand Markets—Based on a Dutch Auctioning Company
Mak, M., & Heijungs, R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031682 · Cited by 6
“Cooper, D.R.; Gutowski, T.G.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessment of End-of-life Strategies for Automation Technology Components
Barkmeyer, M., Kaluza, A., Pastewski, N., Thiede, S., & Herrmann, C. A. (2017) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.220 · Cited by 6
“Another aspect in the assessment are efficiency increases due to technology cycles that might influence the performance of closed-loop towards open-loop strategies [9, 11].”
BackgroundLife Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reijnders, L. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14409-2_2 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Cooper, D. R., & Gutowski, T. G.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cooper, Daniel R.
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial Ecology
- Published
- 2015-12-28
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 38-56
- ISSN
- 1088-1980 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9290
- OpenAlex
- W2216148103
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 38.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Keywords
- reuse, embodied energy, product repair, product upgrading, overspecification, waste reduction, climate change mitigation, biodiversity loss, mineral scarcity, circular economy
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