Candida glabrata's recurrent infections: biofilm formation during Amphotericin B treatment
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: Candida species are responsible for recurrent human infections, mostly in immunocompromised patients, due to their high vulnerability. Candida glabrata has a major role in systemic candidiasis and Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene only used in hospitals, is frequently used to treat this disease. Lately, however, clinical evidences of Candida recurrent infections during these treatments are being described, probably due to biofilm (re)formation during this therapy. Thus, this work aims at inferring if C. glabrata biofilms are still being formed during AmB treatment. For that, C. glabrata biofilms were formed in the presence of AmB and analysed by dry weight. Matrix composition was analysed quantifying carbohydrates and, specifically, β-1,3 glucans. Results demonstrated that, although in a lesser extent, C. glabrata is able to develop biofilms in the presence of AmB, with a thick extracellular matrix, with an increase on carbohydrates, especially β-1,3 glucans. Therefore, it is confirmed that complex biofilms of C. glabrata can be formed during an AmB treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows new insights regarding recurrent candidiasis. The authors demonstrated that Amphotericin B did not totally prevent the development of biofilms during Candida glabrata's infection treatment and that the change in the biofilm matrices may have a high responsibility for the fail in the treatment of systemic candidiasis.
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Amphotericin B is a fungicidal polyene and has shown promising activity against many Candida species.
“Amphotericin B (AmB) is a fungicidal polyene and has shown promising activity against many Candida species.”
From Candida glabrata: pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms for adaptation and survival (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
Amphotericin B is used in the pharmacotherapy of life-threatening fungal infections.
“It is used in the pharmacotherapy of life-threatening fungal infections [107].”
From Candida glabrata: pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms for adaptation and survival (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
Candida cells have the capacity to rapidly adjust to external aggressions, suggesting why patients undergoing amphotericin B therapy may still manifest resilient Candida infections.
“This underlines the capacity of Candida cells to rapidly adjust to external aggressions. Thus, this suggests why patients undergoing AmB therapy may still manifest resilient Candida infections.”
From Candida glabrata: pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms for adaptation and survival (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
Rodrigues et al. viewed that C. glabrata can produce biofilms in the presence of amphotericin B therapeutic concentrations due to high concentrations of carbohydrate and β-1,3 glucan on biofilm matrices.
“In contrast, Rodrigues et al. [107] viewed that C. glabrata can produce biofilms in the presence of AmB therapeutic concentrations due to the high concentrations of carbohydrate and β-1,3 glucan on the biofilm matrices.”
From Candida glabrata: pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms for adaptation and survival (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
Candida glabrata biofilm matrix contains proteins, carbohydrates (e.g., β-1,3 glucans), and ergosterol.
“with proteins, carbohydrates (e.g., β-1,3 glucans), and ergosterol in their matrixes [40,41,44].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
Initial attachment of Candida glabrata cells is followed by cell division, and this proliferation leads to formation of a basal layer of anchoring microcolonies, with subsequent biofilm maturation.
“Initial attachment of C. glabrata cells is followed by cell division, and this proliferation leads to the formation of a basal layer of anchoring microcolonies, with subsequent biofilm maturation [4,44].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
β-1,3-glucans can bind specifically to amphotericin B.
“it has been shown that β-1,3-glucans can bind specifically to this drug [44,156].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
Biofilms prevent, to a greater or lesser extent, antifungal drug penetration through a diffusion barrier that acts as an ion-exchange resin binding charged antibiotic molecules, contributing to biofilm drug resistance including in C. glabrata.
“It is thought that biofilms prevent, to a greater or lesser extent, the penetration of antifungal drugs through their structure, by the establishment of a diffusion barrier, which acts as an ion-exchange resin, binding charged antibiotic molecules, contributing to biofilm drug resistance, including in the case of C. glabrata [44,150,155].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Rodrigues, C. F., Silva, S., Azeredo, J., & Henriques, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Minho (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Henriques, M.
- Venue
- Letters in Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-08-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 77-81
- ISSN
- 0266-8254 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-765X
- OpenAlex
- W2417167887
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Letters in Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Programa Operacional, Fatores de competitividade – COMPETE
- FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT PTDC/SAU-MIC/119069/2010, RECI/EBB-EBI/0179/2012, PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013, SFRH/BD/93078/2013)
- Programa Operacional Regional do Norte
- QREN
- FEDER
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- Candida glabrata, biofilm formation, amphotericin B, recurrent candidiasis, systemic candidiasis, antifungal treatment failure, β-1,3-glucan, extracellular matrix, immunocompromised patients
- MeSH terms
- Amphotericin B, Antifungal Agents, Candidiasis, Humans, Polyenes, Recurrence, Biofilms, Candida glabrata
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