A Candida Biofilm-Induced Pathway for Matrix Glucan Delivery: Implications for Drug Resistance

Taff, Heather T.; Nett, Jeniel E.; Zarnowski, Robert; Ross, Kelly M.; Sanchez, Hiram; Cain, Mike T.; Hamaker, Jessica; Mitchell, Aaron P.; Andes, David R.

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002848

Cited by 291Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal and yeast genetics researchBacterial biofilms and quorum sensing

A Candida Biofilm-Induced Pathway for Matrix Glucan Delivery: Implications for Drug Resistance

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Taff, Heather T., Nett, Jeniel E., Zarnowski, Robert, Ross, Kelly M., Sanchez, Hiram, Cain, Mike T., Hamaker, Jessica, Mitchell, Aaron P. +1 more·2012·PLoS Pathogens

DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002848PMC PMC3410897

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Abstract

Extracellular polysaccharides are key constituents of the biofilm matrix of many microorganisms. One critical carbohydrate component of Candida albicans biofilms, β-1,3 glucan, has been linked to biofilm protection from antifungal agents. In this study, we identify three glucan modification enzymes that function to deliver glucan from the cell to the extracellular matrix. These enzymes include two predicted glucan transferases and an exo-glucanase, encoded by BGL2, PHR1, and XOG1, respectively. We show that the enzymes are crucial for both delivery of β-1,3 glucan to the biofilm matrix and for accumulation of mature matrix biomass. The enzymes do not appear to impact cell wall glucan content of biofilm cells, nor are they necessary for filamentation or biofilm formation. We demonstrate that mutants lacking these genes exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the commonly used antifungal, fluconazole, during biofilm growth only. Transcriptional analysis and biofilm phenotypes of strains with multiple mutations suggest that these enzymes act in a complementary fashion to distribute matrix downstream of the primary β-1,3 glucan synthase encoded by FKS1. Furthermore, our observations suggest that this matrix delivery pathway works independently from the C. albicans ZAP1 matrix formation regulatory pathway. These glucan modification enzymes appear to play a biofilm-specific role in mediating the delivery and organization of mature biofilm matrix. We propose that the discovery of inhibitors for these enzymes would provide promising anti-biofilm therapeutics.

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The biofilm matrix mannan-glucan complex is linked to the antifungal resistance biofilm phenotype via sequestration of antifungal.
“This complex has been linked to the antifungal resistance biofilm phenotype via sequestration of antifungal (20, 22).”
From Dual function of Candida auris mannosyltransferase, MNT5, in biofilm community protection from antifungal therapy and the host (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results section, “Glucan modifying enzymes contribute to biofilm matrix-associated antifungal resistance” (page not available), links matrix glucan deposition to fluconazole sequestration and biofilm drug resistance. It does not identify a mannan–glucan complex as the material responsible, so that specific part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Biofilm matrix glucan binds and sequesters antifungal drugs, including fluconazole, preventing intracellular action.
“the biofilm matrix glucan has demonstrated the ability to bind and sequester antifungal drugs, including fluconazole, preventing them from acting intracellularly.”
From Molecular and genetic basis of azole antifungal resistance in the opportunistic pathogenic fungusCandida albicans (2020) · cites this paper as [179]
Taff et al. identified two glucan transferases and an exo-glucanase that deliver glucan from the cell to the extracellular matrix, playing a biofilm-specific role by mediating distribution and organization of mature biofilm matrix.
“Finally, Taff et al. [110] identified two glucan transferases and an exo-glucanase that deliver glucan from the cell to the extracellular matrix, playing a biofilm-specific role, by mediating the distribution and organization of mature biofilm matrix.”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [110]
Genes involved in production and delivery of β-1,3-glucans include the synthase-encoding gene FKS1 and the genes BGL2, XOG1, and PHR1.
“Genes involved in production and delivery of β-1,3-glucans include the synthase-encoding gene FKS1 and the genes BGL2, XOG1, and PHR1, which encode proteins involved in the modification and transport of β-glucans (132, 189).”
From Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease (2015) · cites this paper as [189]

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[32]Nett JE, Crawford K, Marchillo K, Andes DR (2010) Role of Fks1p and matrix glucan in Candida albicans biofilm resistance to an echinocandin, pyrimidine, and polyene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 3505– 3508. 20516280 PMC2916329
[51]Nett JE, Sanchez H, Cain MT, Andes DR (2010) Genetic basis of Candida biofilm resistance due to drug-sequestering matrix glucan. J Infect Dis 202: 171– 175. 20497051 PMC2880631

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Interface of Candida albicans Biofilm Matrix-Associated Drug Resistance and Cell Wall Integrity Regulation
Nett, J. E., Sanchez, H., Cain, M. T., Ross, K. M., & Andes, D. R. (2011) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.05126-11 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citation
Molecular Dynamic and Docking Simulation in Exploring a Potential Extracellular Matrix-Based Antibiofilm: Fighting the Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Candida albicans
Putri, R. F., Abdjan, M. I., Santosaningsih, D., Ni’mah, Y. L., Putri, N., Khairunnisa, F., Harsini, M., & Baktir, A. (2025) · Engineered Science · doi:10.30919/es1386 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Authors: Taff, H. T., Nett, J. E., Zarnowski, R., Ross, K. M., Sanchez, H., Cain, M. T., Hamaker, J., Mitchell, A. P., & Andes, D. R.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Columbia University (US)
Carnegie Mellon University (US)
Corresponding author: Andes, David R.
ORCID: Nett, Jeniel E.
Mitchell, Aaron P.
Andes, David R.
Venue: PLoS Pathogens
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2012-08-02
Volume: 8
Issue: 8
Pages: e1002848
ISSN: 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
1553-7374
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002848
PMC: PMC3410897
OpenAlex: W2124380402
Cited by: 291
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 14.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007899)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008692)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI067703, R01AI073289)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Keywords: Candida albicans, biofilm matrix, β-1,3-glucan, BGL2, PHR1, FKS1, fluconazole susceptibility, antifungal resistance, exopolysaccharides, biofilm formation, Zap1
MeSH terms: Animals, Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Fungal Proteins, Glucans, Glucosyltransferases, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mutation, Biofilms, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Rats

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A Candida Biofilm-Induced Pathway for Matrix Glucan Delivery: Implications for Drug Resistance

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