The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
VIII. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): COMPOSITE SCORES OF CRYSTALLIZED, FLUID, AND OVERALL COGNITION
Open accessAbstract
The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB) includes 7 tests covering 6 cognitive abilities. This chapter describes the psychometric characteristics in children ages 3-15 years of a total summary score and composite scores reflecting two major types of cognition: "crystallized" (more dependent upon past learning experiences) and "fluid" (capacity for new learning and information processing in novel situations). Both types of cognition are considered important in everyday functioning, but are thought to be differently affected by brain health status throughout life, from early childhood through older adulthood. All three Toolbox composite scores showed excellent test-retest reliability, robust developmental effects across the childhood age range considered here, and strong correlations with established measures of similar abilities. Additional preliminary evidence of validity includes significant associations between all three Toolbox composite scores and maternal reports of children's health status and school performance.
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“In a sample of healthy children, the NIHTB-CB crystallized composite score correlated highly with composite scores of language abilities (r = 0.90) and fluid cognitive abilities (e.g., tests of attention, processing speed, working memory, and executive functions) (r = 0.71), showing a strong correspondence between this score and performances on several cognitive domains (Akshoomoff et al., 2013).”
From Cognitive weaknesses or impairments on the NIH toolbox cognition battery in children and adolescents: base rates in a normative sample and proposed methods for classification (2025) · cites this paper as Akshoomoff et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Research has established the reliability and validity of the NIHTB-CB in children and across the life span.18–25”
From Cognitive Outcomes in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Examination Using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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“likely representing practice effects in both groups, as have been reported in normative studies.18”
From Cognitive Outcomes in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Examination Using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Three composite measures are derived from combinations of the individual subtests: Overall Cognition, Crystallized Cognition, and Fluid Cognition.18”
From Cognitive Outcomes in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Examination Using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Akshoomoff, N., Beaumont, J. L., Bauer, P. J., Dikmen, S. S., Gershon, R. C., Mungas, D., Slotkin, J., Tulsky, D., Weintraub, S., Zelazo, P. D., & Heaton, R. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heaton, Robert K
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 119-132
- ISSN
- 0037-976X (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5834
- PMC
- PMC4103789
- OpenAlex
- W2098834660
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010129, R01AG010220)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH062512)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, child cognitive development, test-retest reliability, psychometric properties, academic performance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Humans, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, United States, Reproducibility of Results
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