A practical approach to cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) directed hemodynamic management in noncardiac pediatric anesthesia
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Abstract Safeguarding cerebral function is of major importance during pediatric anesthesia. Premature, ex‐premature, and full‐term neonates can be vulnerable to physiological changes that occur during anesthesia and surgery. Data from studies performed during pediatric cardiac surgery and in neonatal/pediatric intensive care units have shown the benefits of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring of regional cerebral oxygenation (c‐rSO 2 ). However, NIRS monitoring is seldom used during noncardiac pediatric anesthesia. Despite compelling evidence that blood pressure does not reflect end‐organ perfusion, it is still regarded as the most important determinant of cerebral perfusion and the most relevant hemodynamic management target parameter by most (pediatric) anesthetists. The principle of NIRS monitoring is not self‐explanatory and sometimes seems even counterintuitive, which may explain why many anesthesiologists are reserved regarding its use. The first part of this paper is dedicated to a clinical introduction to NIRS monitoring. Despite scientific efforts, it has not yet been possible to define individual lower limit c‐rSO 2 values and it is unlikely this will succeed in the near future. Nonetheless, published treatment algorithms usually specify c‐rSO 2 values which may be associated with cerebral hypoxia. Our treatment guideline for maintaining sufficient cerebral oxygenation differs fundamentally from all previously published approaches. We define a baseline c‐rSO 2 value, registered in the awake child prior to anesthesia induction, as the lowest acceptable limit during anesthesia and surgery. The cerebral rSO 2 is the single target parameter, while blood pressure, heart rate, P a CO 2 , and SaO 2 are major parameters that determine the c‐rSO2. Cerebral NIRS monitoring, interpreted together with its continuously available contributing parameters, may help avoid potentially harmful episodes of cerebral desaturation in anesthetized pediatric patients.
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Cerebral oxygen saturation acts as a marker of cardiac output if ventilation, oxygenation, and hemoglobin levels remain stable.
“Cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) acts as a marker of cardiac output if ventilation, oxygenation, and hemoglobin levels remain stable [65].”
From Trends and Challenges in Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Neonates Following Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [65]
Section 2.2 (page not provided) identifies cardiac output as one contributor to cerebral oxygen delivery and says oxygenation, hemoglobin, and PaCO₂ also affect cerebral saturation. But it does not establish saturation as a marker of cardiac output when those factors are stable: perfusion pressure and cerebral oxygen demand also matter, and it says blood pressure appears to contribute most to changes in saturation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Weber, F., & Scoones, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Weber, Frank
- Venue
- Pediatric Anesthesia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-08-29
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 993-1001
- ISSN
- 1155-5645 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-9592
- OpenAlex
- W2969423495
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pediatric Anesthesia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Sedative Agents
- Keywords
- near-infrared spectroscopy, cerebral oxygenation, regional cerebral oxygen saturation, hemodynamic management, neonates, cerebral hypoxia, cerebral desaturation, blood pressure, treatment algorithm
- MeSH terms
- Anesthesia, Blood Pressure, Brain, Child, Hemodynamics, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Oximetry, Oxygen, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
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