The impact of relationship-contingent self-esteem on mate retention and reactions to threat
Abstract
Relationship‐contingent self‐esteem (RCSE) refers to when feelings of self‐worth are derived from romantic relationships. RCSE influences views of the self and the functioning of romantic relationships. The relationship between RCSE and mate retention behaviors was examined across three studies. Study 1 examined whether self‐esteem level and RCSE predicted mate retention behaviors. Studies 2 and 3 examined whether self‐esteem level and RCSE predicted mate retention behaviors following manipulations of threat to the relationship. Individuals with high RCSE were more likely to engage in benefit‐provisioning mate retention behaviors, particularly following certain threats. RCSE was also associated with cost‐inflicting mate retention behaviors, but these associations were inconsistent.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People who have high RCSE have been found to protect their relationships by engaging in mate retention behaviors.
“People who have high RCSE have been found to protect their relationships by engaging in mate retention behaviors [40].”
From Does Relationship-Contingent Self-Esteem Play a Role in the Stress to Impaired Control Pathway to Alcohol-Related Problems in a College Student Sample? (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,644 · see citing works
James, W. (1891) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,799 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893 · see citing works
The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory
Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(00)80003-9 · Cited by 2,521 · see citing works
The interpersonal theory of psychiatry.
indicated, N. A. (1953) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0050700 · Cited by 2,271 · see citing works
Resilience in the Face of Catastrophe: Optimism, Personality, and Coping in the Kosovo Crisis
Riolli, L., Savicki, V., & Cepani, A. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02765.x · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683 · see citing works
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
The Online Laboratory: Conducting Experiments in a Real Labor Market∗Preprint
Zeckhauser, R. J. (2016) · Cited by 1,454 · see citing works
From vigilance to violence: Mate retention tactics in married couples.
Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.346 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Evaluation of Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, Its Rapid Rise, and Its Effective Use
Buhrmester, M. D., Talaifar, S., & Gosling, S. D. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617706516 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Rand, D. G. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.03.004 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Buss, D. M. (1988) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(88)90010-6 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995) · Efficacy, Agency, and Self-Esteem · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1280-0_3 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
The value of examinations as determining a teacher's fitness for work
Cooley, E. G. (1902) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e533602009-029 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes.
Murray, S., Rose, P., Bellavia, G. M., Holmes, J. G., & Kusche, A. G. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.556 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Knee, C. R. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.360 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Crocker, J., Karpinski, A., Quinn, D. M., & Chase, S. K. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.507 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities.
Murray, S., Holmes, J. G., MacDonald, G. W., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.6.1459 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Through the looking glass darkly? When self-doubts turn into relationship insecurities
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., MacDonald, G., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1459 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
When rejection stings: How self-esteem constrains relationship-enhancement processes.
Murray, S., Rose, P., Bellavia, G. M., et al. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.556 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The Mismeasure of Love: How Self-Doubt Contaminates Relationship Beliefs
Murray, S. L., Holmes, J. G., Griffin, D. W., Bellavia, G. M., & Rose, P. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201274004 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
The Mate Retention Inventory-Short Form (MRI-SF)
Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K., & McKibbin, W. F. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.013 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship-contingent self-esteem and the ups and downs of romantic relationships
Knee, C. R., Canevello, A., Bush, A. L., & Cook, A. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.608 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Stability of Self‐Esteem: Assessment, Correlates, and Excuse Making
Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1992) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00923.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203587874 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Farnaz Kaighobadi, A., Shackelford, T. K., & Goetz, A. T. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017254 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationMate retention in marriage: Further evidence of the reliability of the Mate Retention Inventory
Shackelford, T. K., Goetz, A. T., & Buss, D. M. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.018 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationImplicit Theories of Relationships: Moderators of the Link Between Conflict and Commitment
Knee, C. R., Patrick, H., Vietor, N. A., & Neighbors, C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262853 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Mate Retention Tactics in Spain: Personality, Sex Differences, and Relationship Status
de Miguel, A., & Buss, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00698.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Commitment insurance: Compensating for the autonomy costs of interdependence in close relationships.
Murray, S., Holmes, J. G., Aloni, M., Pinkus, R. T., Derrick, J. L., & Leder, S. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014562 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
PARK, L. E., SANCHEZ, D. T., & BRYNILDSEN, K. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00769.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Holden, C. J., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Pham, M. N., & Shackelford, T. K. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.09.018 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationMate Value Discrepancy and Mate Retention Behaviors of Self and Partner
Sela, Y., Mogilski, J. K., Shackelford, T. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Fink, B. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12281 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationNot All High (or Low) Self-Esteem People Are the Same
Greenier, K. D., Kernis, M. H., & Waschull, S. B. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1280-0_4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Oral sex as mate retention behavior
Pham, M. N., & Shackelford, T. K. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.012 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationContingent Self-Esteem and Anticipated Reactions to Interpersonal Rejection and Achievement Failure
Zeigler-Hill, V. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.10.1069 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationInsecure romantic attachment dimensions and frequency of mate retention behaviors
Barbaro, N., Pham, M. N., Shackelford, T. K., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2016) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12146 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationSpousal mate retention in the newlywed year and three years later
Kaighobadi, F., Shackelford, T. K., & Buss, D. M. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.008 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationHusband's Esteem Predicts his Mate Retention Tactics
Holden, C. J., Shackelford, T. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., et al. (2014) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491401200311 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationships can drive some to drink: Relationship-contingent self-esteem and drinking problems
Rodriguez, L. M., Knee, C. R., & Neighbors, C. (2014) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407513494037 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Do women perform fellatio as a mate retention behavior?
Sela, Y., Shackelford, T. K., Pham, M. N., & Euler, H. Α. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.020 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationDiBello, A. M., Rodriguez, L. M., Hadden, B. W., & Neighbors, C. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pham, M. N., Shackelford, T. K., Holden, C. J., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Sela, Y., & Jeffery, A. J. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0371-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationZeigler‐Hill, V., & Noser, A. E. (2013) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684313515841 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Finding a Mate Feels Urgent: Why Relationship Contingency Predicts Mens and Womens Body Shame
Sanchez, D. T., Good, J. J., Kwang, T., & Saltzman, E. (2008) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335.39.2.90 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Detached and antagonistic: Pathological personality features and mate retention behaviors
Holden, C. J., Roof, C., McCabe, G. A., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.054 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibiting Self-Protection in Romantic Relationships
Murray, S., Gomillion, S., Holmes, J. G., & Harris, B. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614549386 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-Esteem and Alcohol Use: Implications for Aggressive Behavior
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Dahlen, E. R., & Madson, M. B. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9764-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDishonest individuals request more frequent mate retention from friends
Pham, M. N., Barbaro, N., Noser, A. E., Sela, Y., Shackelford, T. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Weege, B., & Fink, B. (2017) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12170 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEnjaian, B., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Vonk, J. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.040 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRodriguez, L. M., Wickham, R. E., Øverup, C. S., & Amspoker, A. B. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.09.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sela, Y. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_139-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kalina, E., Boyd-Frenkel, K., Patock-Peckham, J. A., Schneidewent, L., Broussard, M. L., & Leeman, R. F. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13020185 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In fact, “individuals with high levels of RCSE may be so desperate to maintain their relationships that they are willing to incur the risks that accompany the use of cost inflicting mate retention behaviors” [40] (p.”
Background
- Authors
- Holden, C. J., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Shackelford, T. K., & Welling, L. L. M.
- Affiliations
- Appalachian State University (US)
- Oakland University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holden, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Personal Relationships
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 611-630
- ISSN
- 1350-4126 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-6811
- OpenAlex
- W2905400664
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personal Relationships (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- mate retention, self-esteem, romantic relationships
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review