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Cited by 104Environmental Toxicology and EcotoxicologyPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsEffects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals

Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review

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Chatzigianni, Myrto, Pavlou, Panagoula, Siamidi, Angeliki, Vlachou, Marilena, Varvaresou, Athanasia, Papageorgiou, Spyridon·2022·Ecotoxicology
DOI 10.1007/s10646-022-02592-wPMC PMC9652235
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Abstract

Sunscreen use has increased in recent years, as sunscreen products minimize the damaging effects of solar radiation. Active ingredients called ultraviolet (UV) filters or UV agents, either organic or inorganic, responsible for defending skin tissue against harmful UV rays, are incorporated in sunscreen formulations. UV agents have a serious impact on many members of bio communities, and they are transferred to the environment either directly or indirectly. Many organic UV filters are found to be accumulated in marine environments because of high values of the octanol/water partition coefficient. However, due to the fact that UV agents are not stable in water, unwanted by-products may be formed. Experimental studies or field observations have shown that organic UV filters tend to bioaccumulate in various aquatic animals, such as corals, algae, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, marine vertebrates. This review was conducted in order to understand the effects of UV agents on both the environment and marine biota. In vivo and in vitro studies of UV filters show a wide range of adverse effects on the environment and exposed organisms. Coral bleaching receives considerable attention, but the scientific data identify potential toxicities of endocrine, neurologic, neoplastic and developmental pathways. However, more controlled environmental studies and long-term human use data are limited. Several jurisdictions have prohibited specific UV filters, but this does not adequately address the dichotomy of the benefits of photoprotection vs lack of eco-friendly, safe, and approved alternatives.

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  • Direct photolysis ensures that ultraviolet filters are disintegrated into harmful products in the aquatic environment.

    “Direct photolysis ensures that ultraviolet filters are disintegrated into harmful products in the aquatic environment”

    From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Chatzigianni et al. 2022

    The “Pathways of UV filters from sunscreens to the environment” section says direct photolysis decomposes UV filters and that harmful by-products may form in aquatic environments. It does not say direct photolysis ensures harmful products form; the claim overstates that possibility as a certainty. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Indirect photolysis in an aquatic environment generates toxins, like cyclodimers and benzoic acids, from untreated effluents, with the consequence that aquatic life is greatly hampered.

    “Indirect photolysis in an aquatic environment thereby generates toxins, like cyclodimers and benzoic acids, from the untreated effluents, with the consequence that aquatic life is greatly hampered.”

    From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Chatzigianni et al. 2022

    The “Pathways of UV filters from sunscreens to the environment” section (page not provided) says direct or indirect photolysis can form harmful by-products, including substituted benzoic acids and cyclodimers. It also says wastewater effluents can carry residual UV agents into marine ecosystems. It does not specifically say these by-products form from untreated effluents or establish that the by-products themselves greatly hamper aquatic life. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Wastewater sewers and treatment plants form the main pathway of ultraviolet filters to the environment.

    “Wastewater sewers and treatment plants form the main pathway of ultraviolet filters to the environment.”

    From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Chatzigianni et al. 2022

    The “Pathways of UV filters from sunscreens to the environment” section identifies wastewater treatment plants and sewage systems as routes by which UV filters reach the environment. It also describes direct transfer to water and does not establish that wastewater systems are the main pathway. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Chatzigianni, M., Pavlou, P., Siamidi, A., Vlachou, M., Varvaresou, A., & Papageorgiou, S.
Affiliations
  • University of West Attica (GR)
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
Corresponding author
Pavlou, Panagoula
ORCID
Venue
Ecotoxicology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-09-29
Volume
31
Issue
9
Pages
1331-1345
ISSN
  • 0963-9292 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-3017
DOI
10.1007/s10646-022-02592-w
PMC
PMC9652235
OpenAlex
W4297536404
Cited by
104
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 13
FWCI
1.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Ecotoxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Hellenic Academic Libraries Link
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
Keywords
sunscreen, UV filters, organic UV filters, inorganic UV filters, marine bioaccumulation, coral bleaching, octanol-water partition coefficient, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental toxicity, sunscreen regulation
MeSH terms
Animals, Environment, Humans, Skin, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, Water

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