The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide
Abstract
Summary: Photoprotection has become integral in the prevention of keratinocyte cancer and photoaging. Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters such as oxybenzone and octinoxate have become controversial due to their potential impact on the environmental and their potential human health risks. As such, inorganic UV filters, zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2), have become paramount in discussions about photoprotection. ZnO and TiO 2 are used in sunscreens as nanoparticles, which denotes a size <100 nm. The smaller size of these mineral particles increases their cosmetic acceptability by users as they are much less visible after application. ZnO has a broad UVA‐UVB absorption curve, while TiO 2 provides better UVB protection. Overall, the human health risks with inorganic filters are extremely low given a lack of percutaneous absorption; however, there is potential risk when exposed via inhalation, prompting recommendations against spray sunscreen products with nanoparticles. At this time, the known risk to the environment is low though the risk stratification may evolve with increasing usage of these filters and higher environmental concentrations. The continued practice of photoprotection is critical. The public should be counseled to seek shade, use photoprotective clothing including hats and glasses in addition to sunscreens on sun‐exposed skin. For those concerned about emerging evidence of environmental impact of organic UV filters, based on current evidence, ZnO and TiO 2‐containing sunscreens are safe alternatives.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products
Weir, A., Westerhoff, P., Fabricius, L., Hristovski, K., & von Goetz, N. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es204168d · Cited by 2,161
Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles: Inhibition of seed germination and root growth
Lin, D., & Xing, B. (2007) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.016 · Cited by 1,810
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness
Smijs, T., & Pavel (2011) · Nanotechnology, Science and Applications · doi:10.2147/nsa.s19419 · Cited by 1,135
In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens.
Schlumpf, M., Cotton, B., Conscience, M., Haller, V, Steinmann, B., & Lichtensteiger, W. (2001) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.01109239 · Cited by 846
Zhu, X., Zhu, L., Duan, Z., Qi, R., Li, Y., & Lang, Y. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A · doi:10.1080/10934520701792779 · Cited by 516
Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: An analysis of potential exposure and hazard
Osmond, M. J., & Mccall, M. J. (2010) · Nanotoxicology · doi:10.3109/17435390903502028 · Cited by 452
Gondikas, A. P., Kammer, F. V. D., Reed, R. B., Wagner, S., Ranville, J. F., & Hofmann, T. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es405596y · Cited by 396
Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Wiench, K., Landsiedel, R., Schulte, S., Inman, A. O., & Riviere, J. E. (2011) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr148 · Cited by 390
Human safety review of “nano” titanium dioxide and zinc oxide
Schilling, K., Bradford, B., Castelli, D., Dufour, E., Nash, J. F., Pape, W., Schulte, S., Tooley, I., van den Bosch, J., & Schellauf, F. (2010) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b9pp00180h · Cited by 381
Gulson, B., McCall, M., Korsch, M., Gomez, L., Casey, P., Oytam, Y., Taylor, A., McCulloch, M., Trotter, J., Kinsley, L., et al. (2010) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq243 · Cited by 329
Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo
Zvyagin, A. V., Zhao, X., Gierden, A., Sanchez, W., Ross, J. A., & Roberts, M. S. (2008) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3041492 · Cited by 317
Ecotoxicity of selected nano‐materials to aquatic organisms
Blaise, C., Gagné, F., Férard, J. F., & Eullaffroy, P. (2008) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.20402 · Cited by 306
The impact of ZnO nanoparticle aggregates on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Zhu, X., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Chang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2009) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/19/195103 · Cited by 284
Sunscreens in human plasma and urine after repeated whole‐body topical application
Janjua, N., Kongshoj, B., Andersson, A., & Wulf, H. (2008) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02492.x · Cited by 252
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: a Risk for Human Health?
Grande, F., & Tucci, P. (2016) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557516666160321114341 · Cited by 250
Hackenberg, S., Scherzed, A., Technau, A., Kessler, M., Froelich, K., Ginzkey, C., Koehler, C., Burghartz, M., Hagen, R., & Kleinsasser, N. (2011) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.01.003 · Cited by 204
Microfine zinc oxide (Z-Cote) as a photostable UVA/UVB sunblock agent
Mitchnick, M. A., Fairhurst, D., & Pinnell, S. R. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(99)70532-3 · Cited by 199
Botta, C., Labille, J., Auffan, M., Borschneck, D., Miche, H., Cabié, M., Masion, A., Rose, J., & Bottero, J.-Y. (2011) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.003 · Cited by 189
Nano-sized cosmetic formulations or solid nanoparticles in sunscreens: A risk to human health?
Nohynek, G. J., & Dufour, E. K. (2012) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0831-5 · Cited by 184
Metal oxide sunscreens protect skin by absorption, not by reflection or scattering
Cole, C., Shyr, T., & Ou‐Yang, H. (2016) · Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12214 · Cited by 170
Corinaldesi, C., Marcellini, F., Nepote, E., Damiani, E., & Danovaro, R. (2018) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.108 · Cited by 163
Study on penetration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles into intact and damaged skin in vitro
Senzui, M., Tamura, T., Miura, K., Ikarashi, Y., Watanabe, Y., & Fujii, M. (2010) · The Journal of Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.2131/jts.35.107 · Cited by 163
Beckett, W. S., Chalupa, D. F., Pauly-Brown, A., Speers, D. M., Stewart, J. C., Frampton, M. W., Utell, M. J., Huang, L.-S., Cox, C., Zareba, W., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200406-837oc · Cited by 160
Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety SCCS
On, O. (2014) · Cited by 155
Ze, Y., Hu, R., Wang, X., Sang, X., Ze, X., Li, B., Su, J., Wang, Y., Guan, N., Zhao, X., et al. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34705 · Cited by 147
Cañas‐Carrell, J. E., Qi, B., Li, S., Maul, J. D., Cox, S. B., Das, S., & Green, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Monitoring · doi:10.1039/c1em10497g · Cited by 108
Dussert, A., Gooris, É., & Hemmerlé, J. (1997) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.1997.tb00175.x · Cited by 108
Lin, L. L., Grice, J. E., Butler, M. K., Zvyagin, A. V., Becker, W. H., Robertson, T. A., Soyer, H. P., Roberts, M. S., & Prow, T. W. (2011) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-011-0515-5 · Cited by 107
Photoprotection in the Era of Nanotechnology
Wang, S. Q., & Tooley, I. R. (2011) · Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.sder.2011.07.006 · Cited by 92
Zhang, L., Xie, X., Zhou, Y., Yu, D., Deng, Y., Ouyang, J., Yang, B., Luo, D., Zhang, D., & Kuang, H. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s152400 · Cited by 89
Beasley, D. G., & Meyer, T. A. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.2165/11537050-000000000-00000 · Cited by 87
Haynes, V. N., Ward, J. E., Russell, B. J., & Agrios, A. G. (2017) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.012 · Cited by 82
Hackenberg, S., Zimmermann, F.-Z., Scherzed, A., Friehs, G., Froelich, K., Ginzkey, C., Koehler, C. J., Burghartz, M., Hagen, R., & Kleinsasser, N. H. (2011) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.20661 · Cited by 77
Jovanović, B., & Guzmán, H. M. (2014) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.2560 · Cited by 73
Effect of TiO 2 nanoparticle aggregation on marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana
Hu, J., Wang, J., Liu, S., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Cai, X., Pan, J., & Liu, J. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.026 · Cited by 70
Hanigan, D., Truong, L., Schoepf, J., Nosaka, T., Mulchandani, A., Tanguay, R. L., & Westerhoff, P. (2018) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.062 · Cited by 69
Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in the Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus)
Katuli, K. K., Lofrano, G., نژاد, ح. پ., Giorgio, A., Guida, M., Aliberti, F., Siciliano, A., Carotenuto, M., Galdiero, E., Rahimi, E., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.085 · Cited by 55
"In Vitro and in Vivo Estrogenicity of UV Screens": Response
Schlumpf, M., & LICHTENSTEIGER, W. (2001) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.109-a359 · Cited by 53
Hong, F., & Wang, L. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s151215 · Cited by 45
Rihane, N., Nury, T., Mrad, I., Mir, L. E., Sakly, M., Amara, S., & Lizard, G. (2016) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6190-7 · Cited by 42
Minetto, D., Libralato, G., Marcomini, A., & Ghirardini, A. V. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.135 · Cited by 34
Hao, Y., Liu, J., Feng, Y., Yu, S., Zhang, W., Li, L., Min, L., Zhang, H., Shen, W., & Zhao, Y. M. (2017) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.021 · Cited by 33
Shin, Y.-J., Lee, W.-M., Kwak, J. I., & An, Y. (2017) · Chemistry and Ecology · doi:10.1080/02757540.2017.1405943 · Cited by 10
Cited by
Wojnarowicz, J., Chudoba, T., & Lojkowski, W. (2020) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano10061086 · Cited by 361
The emerging role of nanotechnology in skincare
Salvioni, L., Morelli, L., Ochoa, E., Labra, M., Fiandra, L., Palugan, L., Prosperi, D., & Colombo, M. (2021) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2021.102437 · Cited by 317
Visible light. Part II: Photoprotection against visible and ultraviolet light
Geisler, A. N., Austin, E., Nguyen, J., Hamzavi, I., Jagdeo, J., & Lim, H. W. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.074 · Cited by 118
Self-citationFivenson, D., Sabzevari, N., Qiblawi, S., Blitz, J., Norton, B. B., & Norton, S. A. (2021) · International Journal of Women's Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.08.008 · Cited by 107
Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review
Chatzigianni, M., Pavlou, P., Siamidi, A., Vlachou, M., Varvaresou, A., & Papageorgiou, S. (2022) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-022-02592-w · Cited by 104
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, S. L., & Lim, H. W.
- Venue
- Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-12-10
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 442-446
- ISSN
- 0905-4383 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0781
- OpenAlex
- W2901046284
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 43
- FWCI
- 17.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
