The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates
Abstract
Women are underrepresented at all levels of elected office. It is suspected that gender stereotypes hinder the electoral success of female candidates, but empirical evidence is inconclusive on whether stereotypes have a direct effect on voting decisions. This empirical conflict stems, in part, from the assumption that voters automatically rely on gender stereotypes when evaluating female candidates. This study explicitly tests the assumption of automatic stereotype activation. I suggest that stereotype reliance depends on whether stereotypes have been activated during a campaign, and it is only when stereotypes are activated that they influence evaluations of female candidates. These hypotheses are tested with a survey experiment and observational analysis. The results show that campaign communication activates stereotypes when they otherwise might not be activated, thereby diminishing support for female candidates.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573 · Cited by 7,300
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing.
Bem, S. L. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.4.354 · Cited by 3,861
Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes"
Mansbridge, J. (1999) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647821 · Cited by 2,939
Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms
Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023557 · Cited by 1,748
Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066 · Cited by 1,501
Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates
Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111526 · Cited by 1,385
The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice
Blair, I. V. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_8 · Cited by 1,152
Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future
Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200262001 · Cited by 1,150
Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions
Brader, T. (2005) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.x · Cited by 972
Cited by
Algorithmic bias: review, synthesis, and future research directions
Kordzadeh, N., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2022) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1080/0960085x.2021.1927212 · Cited by 770
The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics
Schneider, M. C., & Bos, A. L. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12573 · Cited by 240
Metadata
- Authors
- Bauer, N. M.
- Venue
- Political Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-04-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 691-708
- ISSN
- 0162-895X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9221
- OpenAlex
- W1875588004
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 51
- FWCI
- 25.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/pops.12186
- The paper
- Bauer, N. M. (2015). Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates. Political Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12186
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
