Education level and affective polarization: The mediation effects of psychological engagement in politics and authoritarian attitudes
Abstract
Objective We investigate how the education effect on affective polarization is mediated by people's cognitive behaviors. Method We employ a causal mediation analysis model and the American National Election Studies (2016 and 2020). Results Both voters’ psychological engagement in politics and their authoritarian attitudes mediate the education effect on affective polarization, but the directions of the two mediation effects are different. While a person's attainment of higher education lowers her affective polarization through her weak authoritarian attitude, it raises her affective polarization through her psychological engagement in politics. Conclusion The result implies that educational expansion does not warrant the waning of affective polarization. It also implies that education may have differing indirect effects on other political behaviors such as party support.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The interest in politics has been signaled by other research as a factor that can amplify affective polarization.
“precisamente el interés por la político ha sido señalado por otras investigaciones como un factor que puede amplificar la polarización afectiva (Han, 2022).”
From Política, uso de medios y polarización afectiva en España (2024) · cites this paper as Han, 2022
Cites
The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · Cited by 3,317 · see citing works
Affective Polarization in Multiparty Systems
Wagner, M. (2021) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102199 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Reiljan, A. (2020) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12351 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization
Rogowski, J. C., & Sutherland, J. L. (2016) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-015-9323-7 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Lau, R. R., Andersen, D. J., Ditonto, T. M., Kleinberg, M. S., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2017) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-016-9354-8 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Employment, Wages, and Voter Turnout
Charles, K. K., & Stephens, M. (2013) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.5.4.111 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Política, uso de medios y polarización afectiva en España
Crespo-Martínez, I., Melero-López, I., Mora-Rodríguez, A., & Rojo-Martínez, J.-M. (2024) · Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación · doi:10.14198/medcom.26681 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
¿Demasiado lejos? Cómo la polarización mal percibida alimenta la polarización afectiva en España
Rojo-Martínez, J. M. (2025) · Papers. Revista de Sociologia · doi:10.5565/rev/papers.3363
- Authors
- Han, K. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Han, Kyung Joon
- ORCID
- Han, Kyung Joon
- Venue
- Social Science Quarterly
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-11-15
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1633-1646
- ISSN
- 0038-4941 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-6237
- OpenAlex
- W4309185907
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 6.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Science Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- affective polarization, educational attainment, authoritarian attitudes, mediating effect, educational expansion, political behavior, party support
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review