Effect of Media Environment Diversity and Advertising Tone on Information Search, Selective Exposure, and Affective Polarization
Open accessIntegrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
When multiple media sources are available, negative campaigning against one's political opponent - compared to positive campaigning for oneself - increases affective polarization.
“when multiple media sources are available, negative campaigning against one’s political opponent — compared to positive campaigning for oneself — increases affective polarization290.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [290]
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241 · see citing works
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284 · see citing works
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 · Cited by 12,620 · see citing works
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577 · see citing works
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566 · see citing works
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 4,875 · see citing works
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583 · see citing works
Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk
Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057 · Cited by 4,008 · see citing works
Elder, J. W., Geertz, C., & Rosenhack, K. P. S. (1964) · Cited by 3,878 · see citing works
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038 · Cited by 2,748 · see citing works
THE NATURE OF BELIEF SYSTEMS IN MASS PUBLICS
Converse, P. E. (2004) · Aarhus University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/jj.35529187.18 · Cited by 2,521 · see citing works
Fear and loathing across party lines: New evidence on group polarization
Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12152 · Cited by 2,452 · see citing works
Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use
Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x · Cited by 1,940 · see citing works
Political Polarization in the American Public
Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Levendusky, M. (2009) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226473673.001.0001 · Cited by 1,698 · see citing works
Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy
Mutz, D. C. (2006) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511617201 · Cited by 1,687 · see citing works
Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000) · Cited by 1,686 · see citing works
(2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,673 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology
Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., Levy, J. S., & Jerit, J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.001.0001 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works
Prior, M. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139878425 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication
Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
Mason, L. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12089 · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure
Stroud, N. J. (2010) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x · Cited by 1,346 · see citing works
Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608080493 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?
DiMaggio, P., Evans, J., & Bryson, B. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230995 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-1733 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure
Stroud, N. J. (2008) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Politics across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined
Jennings, M. K., Stoker, L., & Bowers, J. (2009) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381609090719 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Media and Political Polarization
Prior, M. (2013) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives.
Brehm, J. W. (1956) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041006 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Motivated inference: Self‐serving generation and evaluation of causal theories
Kunda, Z. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.636 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00161 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Self-citationNews vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout
Prior, M. (2005) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Stroud, N. J. (2011) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755509.001.0001 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans
Levendusky, M. S. (2009) · Cited by 903 · see citing works
The disappearing center: engaged citizens, polarization, and American democracy
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-1737 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Going negative : how political advertisements shrink and polarize the electorate
Ansolabehere, S. D., & Iyengar, S. (1997) · Cited by 826 · see citing works
A disconfirmation bias in the evaluation of arguments.
Edwards, K., & Smith, E. E. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.5 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Hardisty, D., Windeatt, S., & Eastment, D. (2000) · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Politically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Selective Exposure Debate
Garrett, R. K. (2009) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Niche news: the politics of news choice
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-1894 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Selective Exposure to Information: A Critical Review
Sears, D. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/267513 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Ideological Realignment in the U.S. Electorate
Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (1998) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647642 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Dirty politics: deception, distraction, and democracy
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2952 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns: A Meta-Analytic Reassessment
Lau, R. R., Sigelman, L., & Rovner, I. B. (2007) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00618.x · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation
Lodge, M. G., McGraw, K. M., & Stroh, P. J. (1989) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1962397 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Three Steps toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning
Lodge, M. G., & Taber, C. S. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805813.009 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior
Lau, R. R. (1985) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111215 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers?
Levendusky, M. S. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12008 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Evidence of the Long-Term Persistence of Adults' Political Predispositions
Sears, D. O., & Funk, C. L. (1999) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2647773 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
How voters decide: information processing during election campaigns
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2956 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Reconciling conflicting results derived from experimental and survey studies of attitude change.
Hovland, C. I. (1959) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0042210 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
In defense of negativity: attack ads in presidential campaigns
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-1797 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Changing Minds or Changing Channels?: Partisan News in an Age of Choice
Arceneaux, K., & Johnson, M. (2013) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226047447.001.0001 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
The Effects of Negative Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Assessment
Lau, R. R., Sigelman, L., Heldman, C., & Babbitt, P. (1999) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/2586117 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Self-citationPartisan Perceptual Bias and the Information Environment
Jerit, J., & Barabas, J. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381612000187 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Jamieson, K. H. (1992) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195078541.001.0001 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Geer, J. G. (2006) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226285009.001.0001 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy
Han, H. (2011) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfr042 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects
Druckman, J. N., & Leeper, T. J. (2012) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00582.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Reading rate: a review of research and theory
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-0431 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Walker, J. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381607080139 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Polarized Political Communication, Oppositional Media Hostility, and Selective Exposure
Arceneaux, K., Johnson, M., & Murphy, C. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s002238161100123x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. L. (2001) · Legislative Studies Quarterly · doi:10.2307/440401 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias
Eveland, W. P., & Shah, D. V. (2003) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00318 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Hostile News: Partisan Use and Perceptions of Cable News Programming
Coe, K., Tewksbury, D. H., Bond, B. J., Drogos, K. L., Porter, R. W., Yahn, A., & Zhang, Y. (2008) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00381.x · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Campaign Advertising and Voter Turnout: New Evidence for a Stimulation Effect
Goldstein, K., & Freedman, P. (2002) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00143 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Political Life: Why People Get Involved in Politics.
Kornhauser, W., & Lane, R. E. (1959) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2088596 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Elite Cues and Media Bias in Presidential Campaigns
Watts, M. D., Domke, D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365099026002003 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Selective Exposure in the Internet Age: The Interaction between Anxiety and Information Utility
Valentino, N. A., Banks, A. J., Hutchings, V. L., & Davis, A. K. (2009) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00716.x · Cited by 228 · see citing works
All the News You Want to Hear: The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Political Participation
Dilliplane, S. (2011) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfr006 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Mason, L. (2012) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764212463363 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Liberal Media Myth Revisited: An Examination of Factors Influencing Perceptions of Media Bias
Lee, T. (2005) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_4 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Air wars: television advertising in election campaigns, 1952-1992
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-4070 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Gender Stereotypes, Information Search, and Voting Behavior in Political Campaigns
Ditonto, T., Hamilton, A., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2013) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative versus Positive Television Advertising in U.S. Presidential Campaigns, 1960–1988
Kaid, L. L., & Johnston, A. (1991) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02323.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Air Wars: Television Advertising in Election Campaigns, 1952-1992.
Allen, C., & West, D. M. (1995) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2081839 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Political Life: Why People Get Involved in Politics
Lane, R. E. (1959) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1891593 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The positive case for negative campaigning
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.191283 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Feldman, S. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0019 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. L. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1154162 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning
Mattes, K., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226202334.001.0001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Gingrich Senators and Party Polarization in the U.S. Senate
Theriault, S. M., & Rohde, D. W. (2011) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381611000752 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
New Evidence for New Arguments: Money and Advertising in the 1996 Senate Elections
Goldstein, K., & Freedman, P. (2000) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00047 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Partisan Moods: Polarization and the Dynamics of Mass Party Preferences
Ura, J. D., & Ellis, C. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381611001587 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Air Wars: Television Advertising in Election Campaigns, 1952-1996
West, D. M. (1993) · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Experimental Estimation of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Related to Self-Selection
Gaines, B. J., & Kuklinski, J. H. (2011) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00518.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Polarized Politics and the 2004 Congressional and Presidential Elections
Jacobson, G. C. (2005) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00544.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Partisan Polarization and Congressional Accountability in House Elections
Jones, D. R. H. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00433.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Milazzo, C., Adams, J., & Green, J. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381611001575 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Pushing the limits of democracy
Andersen, D. J. (2011) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3pk0fjq · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe internet, race, and U.S. democracy
Kleinberg, M. S. (2014) · doi:10.7282/t3r78cqb · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThree essays on the relationship between implicit attitudes and political behavior
Greco, V. (2015) · doi:10.7282/t3k64ks9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ditonto, T. (2013) · doi:10.7282/t32805n2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationInformation, accountability, and political preferences
Pierce, D. R. (2015) · doi:10.7282/t3w66ngn · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 98 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of (social) media in political polarization: A systematic review
Kubin, E., & von Sikorski, C. (2021) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2021.1976070 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Affective polarization, local contexts and public opinion in America
Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M., & Ryan, J. B. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-01012-5 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization
Barberá, P. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.004 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts
Jost, J. T., Baldassarri, D. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00093-5 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Partisanship as a Social Identity: Implications for Polarization
West, E. A., & Iyengar, S. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09637-y · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda
Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.003 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Druckman, J. N., Klar, S., Krupnikov, Y., Levendusky, M. S., & Ryan, J. B. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2020.28 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Megastudy testing 25 treatments to reduce antidemocratic attitudes and partisan animosity
Voelkel, J. G., Stagnaro, M., Chu, J., Pink, S. L., Mernyk, J. S., Redekopp, C., Ghezae, I., Cashman, M., Adjodah, D., Allen, L., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/y79u5 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Megastudy testing 25 treatments to reduce antidemocratic attitudes and partisan animosity
Voelkel, J. G., Stagnaro, M. N., Chu, J. Y., Pink, S. L., Mernyk, J. S., Redekopp, C., Ghezae, I., Cashman, M., Adjodah, D., Allen, L. G., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adh4764 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Feeling displeasure from online social media postings: A study using cognitive dissonance theory
Jeong, M., Zo, H., Lee, C. H., & Ceran, Y. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.021 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Siegel, A. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Ramírez, S. A. O., Veloutsou, C. A., & Morgan‐Thomas, A. (2019) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-03-2018-1811 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Aslett, K., Guess, A. M., Bonneau, R., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl3844 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Poison If You Don’t Know How to Use It: Facebook, Democracy, and Human Rights in Myanmar
Whitten-Woodring, J., Kleinberg, M. S., Thawnghmung, A., & Thitsar, M. T. (2020) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161220919666 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring Voter Decision Strategies in Political Behavior and Public Opinion Research
Lau, R. R., Kleinberg, M. S., & Ditonto, T. (2018) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfy004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationDemocratic Transparency in the Platform Society
Gorwa, R., & Ash, T. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.013 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Misinformation and Its Correction
Wittenberg, C. E., & Berinsky, A. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.009 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Environmental Decision-Making in Times of Polarization
Judge, M., Kashima, Y., Steg, L., & Dietz, T. M. (2023) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-115339 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Polarization and correct voting in U.S. presidential elections
Pierce, D. R., & Lau, R. R. (2019) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102048 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBots and Computational Propaganda: Automation for Communication and Control
Woolley, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Facts and Where to Find Them: Empirical Research on Internet Platforms and Content Moderation
Keller, D., & Leerssen, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Deepening the rift: Negative campaigning fosters affective polarization in multiparty elections
Martin, D., & Nai, A. (2024) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2024.102745 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gun-shy: Refusal to answer questions about firearm ownership
Urbatsch, R. (2018) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2018.04.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sude, D. J., Knobloch‐Westerwick, S., Robinson, M. J., & Westerwick, A. (2019) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2019.1612528 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Does affective polarization contribute to democratic backsliding in America?
Druckman, J. N., Green, D. P., & Iyengar, S. (2023) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162241228952 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Democratic Creative Destruction? The Effect of a Changing Media Landscape on Democracy
Nielsen, R. K., & Fletcher, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Comparative Media Regulation in the United States and Europe
Fukuyama, F., & Grotto, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Online Political Advertising in the United States
Fowler, E. F., Franz, M. M., & Ridout, T. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pearson, G. D. H., & Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. (2019) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2019.1599956 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Conclusion: The Challenges and Opportunities for Social Media Research
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kim, B., Broussard, R., & Barnidge, M. (2020) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1750845 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Does polarizing personality matter in influencer marketing? Evidence from Instagram
Beheshti, M. K., Gopinath, M., Ashouri, S., & Zal, S. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113804 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Algorithmic Opportunity: Digital Advertising and Inequality in Political Involvement
Kim, Y. M. (2016) · The Forum · doi:10.1515/for-2016-0034 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Dynamic Process Tracing Environment (DPTE) as a Tool for Studying Political Communication
Andersen, D. J., Redlawsk, D. P., & Lau, R. R. (2019) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2019.1579771 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationAndersen, D. J., & Ditonto, T. (2020) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/708340 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, Z., Marcos-Marné, H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2023) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-023-09864-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Effects of Political Attitudes on Affective Polarization: Survey Evidence from 165 Elections
Guedes-Neto, J. V. (2022) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/14789299211067376 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zheng, X., & Lu, Y. (2021) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2021.1933877 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
«LO POLÍTICO COMO ALGO PERSONAL»: UNA REVISIÓN TEÓRICA SOBRE LA POLARIZACIÓN AFECTIVA
Martínez, J. M. R., & CRESPO-MARTÍNEZ, I. (2023) · Revista de ciencia política · doi:10.4067/s0718-090x2023005000102 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lane, D. S., Moxley, C. M., & McLeod, C. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502231161400 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Verging on the polemical. Towards an interdisciplinary approach to medieval religious polemic
Steckel, S. (2018) · Medieval Worlds · doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no7_2018s2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bird, R. T., Hickey, H. K., Leavitt, M. J., & Robinson, J. L. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111298 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Han, K. J. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13228 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wisdom vs. Populism and Polarization: Learning to Regulate Our Evolved Intuitions
Glück, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20287-3_4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Röchert, D., Cargnino, M., & Neubaum, G. (2022) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-022-00161-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Influential Factors on Collective Anxiety of Online Topic-Based Communities
Yang, Y., Ta, N., Li, K., Jiao, F., Hu, B., & Li, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740065 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Media Effects in the Viewer’s Choice Era: Testing Revised Agenda-Setting and Priming Hypotheses
Lau, R. R., Rogers, K., & Love, J. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1763526 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationPopulist Storytelling and Negative Affective Polarization: Social Media Evidence from Mexico
Sarsfield, R., & Abuchanab, Z. (2024) · Latin American Politics and Society · doi:10.1017/lap.2024.7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Affective polarization is uniformly distributed across American States
Holliday, D. E., Yphtach Lelkes, B., & Westwood, S. J. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae310 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Does Social Media Use Promote Political Mass Polarization?
Ludwig, K., & Müller, P. (2022) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748928232-118 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Effect of Independent Online Media in an AutocracyPreprint
Сергеевич, Е. Р., Rochlitz, M., Schoors, K. J. L., & Zakharov, N. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4131355 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Navigating Political Polarization in News Production: The Case of Italy
Splendore, S., & Piacentini, A. (2024) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990231221487 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Syahputra, I., Riyanto, W. F., Pratiwi, F. D., & Virga, R. L. (2023) · Media Asia · doi:10.1080/01296612.2023.2246726 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ranjan, A., & Upadhyay, A. K. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2376853 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, F. L. F., & Yin, Z. (2019) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699019858988 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hwang, T. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
El estudio de la polarización afectiva: una mirada metodológica
Freidin, E., Moro, R., & Silenzi, M. I. (2022) · REVISTA SAAP · doi:10.46468/rsaap.16.1.a2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hamrak, B. (2025) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2025.102967 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Individuating information influences partisan judgments
Price-Blackshear, M. A., Sheldon, K., Corcoran, M., & Bettencourt, B. (2019) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12595 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neyazi, T. A., Kuru, O., & Mukerjee, S. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9npu2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lin, H.-Y. (2022) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/14789299221134935 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
We are What We Consume: Predicting Independent Voters’ Voting Preference From Their Media Diet Color
Chang, C., Hung, Y.-C., & Hsieh, M. (2023) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393231214027 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Political Communication as a Tragedy of the Commons
Farrer, B. D. (2022) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217221138414 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Information Spotlighting in Americans’ Decisions Surrounding Refugee Resettlement Policy
Garinther, A., Mayorga, M. W., Västfjäll, D., & Slovic, P. (2019) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/fez068 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cuéllar Rivero, R. (2024) · Revista Española de Ciencia Política · doi:10.21308/recp.64.07 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How Language Shapes Belief in Misinformation: A Study Among Multilinguals in Ukraine
Erlich, A., Aslett, K., Graham, S., & Tucker, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2025.10011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
HOBOLT, S. B., & Tilley, J. R. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198911746.001.0001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Effect of Elite Cues on Policy Attitudes through the Lens of Affective Polarization in Taiwan
Chin, C., & Wang, C. (2024) · Asian Survey · doi:10.1525/as.2024.2121910 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Determinants of Affective Polarization in Mexico's 2018 Presidential Election
Béjar, S. (2024) · Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública · doi:10.14201/rlop.31937 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ripping the public apart? Politicians’ dark personality and affective polarization
Nai, A., da Silva, F. F., Aaldering, L., Gattermann, K., & Garzia, D. (2025) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.70002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Galais, C., & Balinhas, D. (2024) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edae059 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Affective polarization and strategic voting in Britain
Down, I., & Han, K.-J. (2025) · Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2024.2337422 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jain, S., & Wood, A. K. (2024) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31346 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dynamics of Electoral Polarisation in Climate Policy Discourse: A Temporal Network Analysis
Drecker, P. (2025) · Politics and Governance · doi:10.17645/pag.10004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Questions of Communicative Change and Continuity
Kraemer, B., Müller, P., Peiser, W., & Verlagsgesellschaft, N. (2022) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748928232 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jung, D.-J. (2022) · Journal of Social Science · doi:10.16881/jss.2022.04.33.2.85 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rojo-Martínez, J. M., Crespo-Martínez, I., & Mora-Rodríguez, A. (2023) · Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas · doi:10.5477/cis/reis.184.105 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How do voters seek political information during real-world election campaigns?
Nasr, M. (2025) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688251375302 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Fundraising Effects of Facebook Marketing During the 2020 Election
Keena, A., & Wintersieck, A. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness · doi:10.33423/jmdc.v16i4.5734 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Breaking the mold: examining the effectiveness of techniques to reduce motivated reasoning
Parvizi, J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2023) · Atlantic Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/15456870.2023.2224482 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reed, J. L. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-025-06012-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Redlawsk, D. P., Mattes, K., & Menco, K. S. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108774871.013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBordonaba-Plou, D. (2020) · ENDOXA · doi:10.5944/endoxa.45.2020.22850 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Megastudy testing 25 treatments to reduce antidemocratic attitudes and partisan animosityPreprint
Strand, P. J., Voelkel, J. G., Stagnaro, M. N., Chu, J., Willer, R., & Kopell, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5034911 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Persily, N., Tucker, J. A., Guess, A. M., Lyons, B. A., Barberá, P., Siegel, A. A., Woolley, S., Fowler, E. F., Franz, M. M., Ridout, T. N., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Ta, N., Li, K.-Y., Jiao, F., Hu, B.-J., & Li, Z. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25702
Emerging political conflicts and the role of personality
Peresman, A. (2021) · Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.001
Weinberg, A. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108774871.010
Institute for Medieval Research (Hrsg.) (2018) · Medieval Worlds · doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no7_2018
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.015
Activating the Right Electorate: Internet Use, Nativism, and Voting for the AfD
Neumann, M. (2023) · Wahlen und politische Einstellungen · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-40884-8_3
Party Polarization and COVID-19
Lin, J. A.-J., & Druckman, J. N. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197615133.003.0015
Selling angerPreprint
Garcı́a, D., Lewis, R., & Rohrer, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4816065
Polarizing the Donorate: Charitable Giving and Negative Political Advertisements
Karol, S. (2024) · Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing · doi:10.1080/10495142.2024.2360192
The Empire of Beliefs and Digital Worlds : What Does Contemporary Science Say?
Bronner, G. (2024) · The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville · doi:10.3138/ttr.45.2.11
Affektive Polarisierung und ökonomisches Wählen
Stövsand, L.-C. (2024) · doi:10.21248/gups.88336
Othering without belonging: Polarisation and identity in the social media age
Cottrell‐Boyce, J. (2025) · Human Systems Therapy Culture and Attachments · doi:10.1177/26344041251370715
- Authors
- Lau, R. R., Andersen, D. J., Ditonto, T. M., Kleinberg, M. S., & Redlawsk, D. P.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Lowell (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lau, Richard R.
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2016-07-28
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 231-255
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W2489976074
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 14.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- affective polarization, information search, selective exposure, 2012 presidential election, voter ideology, media selection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review