In vivo measurements of cutaneous melanin across spatial scales: using multiphoton microscopy and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy
Open accessAbstract
The combined use of nonlinear optical microscopy and broadband reflectance techniques to assess melanin concentration and distribution thickness in vivo over the full range of Fitzpatrick skin types is presented. Twelve patients were measured using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS) on both dorsal forearm and volar arm, which are generally sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed areas, respectively. Both MPM and SFDS measured melanin volume fractions between ∼5% (skin type I non-sun-exposed) and 20% (skin type VI sun exposed). MPM measured epidermal (anatomical) thickness values ∼30–65 μm, while SFDS measured melanin distribution thickness based on diffuse optical path length. There was a strong correlation between melanin concentration and melanin distribution (epidermal) thickness measurements obtained using the two techniques. While SFDS does not have the ability to match the spatial resolution of MPM, this study demonstrates that melanin content as quantified using SFDS is linearly correlated with epidermal melanin as measured using MPM (R2=0.8895). SFDS melanin distribution thickness is correlated to MPM values (R2=0.8131). These techniques can be used individually and/or in combination to advance our understanding and guide therapies for pigmentation-related conditions as well as light-based treatments across a full range of skin types.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Scattering for FST II was greatest and least for skin type VI up to 800 nm; beyond this all skin types had similar spectra.
“Scattering for FST II was greatest and least for skin type VI up to 800 nm; beyond this all skin types had similar spectra.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
FSTs II and III had the least absorption, with both spectra being similar, and FST IV absorption was between that of the palest and darkest skin.
“FSTs II and III had the least absorption, with both spectra being similar and FST IV absorption was between that of the palest and darkest skin.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Between 400 and 900 nm, absorbance for FST VI was greater than the remaining skin types.
“Between 400 and 900 nm, absorbance for FST VI was greater than the remaining skin types.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Scattering measurements by Tseng et al. for FST V-VI were greater than those measured by Saager et al. by twofold at 600 nm down to 18% at 900 nm.
“Scattering measurements by Tseng et al.41 for FST V–VI were greater than those measured by Saager et al.39 by twofold at 600 nm down to 18% at 900 nm.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
At 900 nm both absorbance and reduced scattering in the skin of all subjects was similar, however at shorter wavelengths variability between measurements was greater.
“At 900 nm both the absorbance and reduced scattering in the skin of all subjects was similar, however at shorter wavelengths variability between measurements was greater.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Saager et al. showed clear differences between measured absorption and reduced scattering coefficients when subjects were grouped based upon skin pigmentation.
“These authors showed that there were clear differences between both measured absorption and reduced scattering coefficients when subjects were grouped based upon their skin pigmentation.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Saager et al. data followed the same general trends as other authors, but optical properties were only measured up to 900 nm so water peaks beyond this were not observed.
“Although their data followed the same general trends as that of other authors, the optical properties were only measured up to 900 nm so peaks associated with the water beyond this were not observed.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Like Saager et al., Phan et al. showed that skin pigmentation affected measured coefficients and that inter-subject variation for both absorption and scattering decreased amongst all locations measured with increasing wavelength.
“Like Saager et al., these authors showed that skin pigmentation affected the measured coefficients and that inter-subject variation for both absorption and scattering was found to decrease amongst all locations measured with increasing wavelength [64,65].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Both reduced scattering and absorption tended to decrease with increasing wavelength (Saager et al.).
“Both reduced scattering and absorption tended to decrease with increasing wavelength.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI
Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1988) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008 · Cited by 4,339 · see citing works
The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human Skin <sup>†</sup>
Brenner, M., & Hearing, V. J. (2008) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x · Cited by 1,741 · see citing works
Quantitation and mapping of tissue optical properties using modulated imaging
Cuccia, D. J., Bevilacqua, F. P., Durkin, A. J., Ayers, F. R., & Tromberg, B. J. (2009) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3088140 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Self-citationJacques, S. L., & McAuliffe, D. J. (1991) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb09891.x · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The thickness of the epidermis
Whitton, J. T., & Everall, J. D. (1973) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb03007.x · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Diffuse optical imaging using spatially and temporally modulated light
O’Sullivan, T. D., Cerussi, A. E., Tromberg, B. J., & Cuccia, D. J. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.071311 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationEthnic variation in melanin content and composition in photoexposed and photoprotected human skin
Alaluf, S., Atkins, D., Barrett, K., Blount, M., Carter, N., & Heath, A. (2002) · Pigment Cell Research · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.1o071.x · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Skin Tanning in Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in Response to Ultraviolet Radiation
Tadokoro, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Batzer, J., Coelho, S. G., Zmudzka, B. Z., Miller, S. A., Wolber, R., Beer, J. Z., & Hearing, V. J. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23760.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Thong, H.-Y., Jee, S., SUN, C.-C., & Boissy, R. E. (2003) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05473.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Pigmentary changes of the ageing skin
Ortonne, J. ‐. (1990) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb16121.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Konecky, S. D., Mazhar, A., Cuccia, D. J., Durkin, A. J., Schotland, J. C., & Tromberg, B. J. (2009) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.17.014780 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Physical Properties of Melanins
Sarna, T., & Swartz, H. A. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470987100.ch16 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The distribution of melanin in skin determined in vivo
Matts, P. J., Dykes, P. J., & Marks, R. (2007) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07706.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nielsen, K. P., Zhao, L., Stamnes, J. J., Stamnes, K. H., & Moan, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.11.008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Spectral discrimination of breast pathologies in situusing spatial frequency domain imaging
Laughney, A. M., Krishnaswamy, V., Rizzo, E. J., Schwab, M. C., Barth, R. J., Cuccia, D. J., Tromberg, B. J., Paulsen, K. D., Pogue, B. W., & Wells, W. A. (2013) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr3455 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationMultilayer silicone phantoms for the evaluation of quantitative optical techniques in skin imaging
Saager, R. B., Kondru, C., Au, K., Sry, K., Ayers, F. R., & Durkin, A. J. (2010) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.842249 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationCarp, S. A., Prahl, S. A., & Venugopalan, V. (2004) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.1695412 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Structured illumination enhances resolution and contrast in thick tissue fluorescence imaging
Mazhar, A., Cuccia, D. J., Gioux, S., Durkin, A. J., Frangioni, J. V., & Tromberg, B. J. (2010) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3299321 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationWeber, J. R., Durkin, A. J., Tromberg, B. J., Cuccia, D. J., Johnson, W. R., Wilson, D. W., Bearman, G. H., Hsu, M., Lin, A., & Binder, D. K. (2011) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3528628 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationFemtosecond Two‐photon Excited Fluorescence of Melanin*
Teuchner, K., Freyer, W., Leupold, D., Volkmer, A., Birch, D. J. S., Altmeyer, P. J., Stücker, M., & Hoffmann, K. K. P. (1999) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07982.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Inverse Monte Carlo method in a multilayered tissue model for diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Fredriksson, I., Larsson, M., & Strömberg, T. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.047004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Saager, R. B., Truong, A., Durkin, A. J., & Cuccia, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3597621 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial frequency domain tomography of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in preclinical glioma models
Konecky, S. D., Rice, T. B., Tromberg, B. J., Owen, C. M., Valdes, P. A., Roberts, D. W., Kolste, K. K., Leblond, F., Paulsen, K. D., & Wilson, B. C. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.5.056008 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationSaager, R. B., Cuccia, D. J., & Durkin, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3299322 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationDwyer, T. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.7.614 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime imaging and spectroscopy of melanins in vitro and in vivo
Krasieva, T. B., Stringari, C., Liu, F., Sun, C., Kong, Y., Balu, M., Meyskens, F. L., Gratton, E., & Tromberg, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.18.3.031107 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationMarchesini, R., Clemente, C., Pignoli, E., & Brambilla, M. (1992) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/1011-1344(92)80004-f · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Visible spatial frequency domain imaging with a digital light microprojector
Lin, A. J., Ponticorvo, A., Konecky, S. D., Cui, H., Rice, T. B., Choi, B., Durkin, A. J., & Tromberg, B. J. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.096007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSaager, R. B., Cuccia, D. J., Saggese, S. J., Kelly, K. M., & Durkin, A. J. (2013) · Lasers in Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.1002/lsm.22139 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSimple Theory, Measurements, And Rules Of Thumb For Dosimetry During Photodynamic Therapy.
Jacques, S. L. (1989) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.978009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Quantitative short-wave infrared multispectral imaging of in vivo tissue optical properties
Wilson, R. H., Nadeau, K. P., Jaworski, F. B., Rowland, R. A., Nguyen, J. Q., Crouzet, C., Saager, R. B., Choi, B., Tromberg, B. J., & Durkin, A. J. (2014) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.086011 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationNaglič, P., Vidovič, L., Milanič, M., Randeberg, L. L., & Majaron, B. (2013) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2044706 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
In vivo spatial frequency domain spectroscopy of two layer media
Yudovsky, D., Nguyen, J. Q., & Durkin, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.10.107006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationNadeau, K. P., Ponticorvo, A., Lee, H., Lu, D., Durkin, A. J., & Tromberg, B. J. (2013) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.38.003566 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationSaager, R. B., Au, K., Kelly, K. M., & Durkin, A. J. (2012) · Biomedical Optics and 3-D Imaging · doi:10.1364/biomed.2012.bw4b.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Saager et al.: In vivo measurements of cutaneous melanin across spatial scales. . . Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics on 24 Jun 2023 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use
- C. D. Kaur and S. Saraf, "Skin care assessment on the basis of skin hydration, melanin, erythema and sebum at various body sites," Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 3(4), 209-213 (2011).
- Saager et al.: In vivo measurements of cutaneous melanin across spatial scales. . . Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Journal-of-Biomedical-Optics on 24 Jun 2023 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives
Gioux, S., Mazhar, A., & Cuccia, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071613 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Review of structured light in diffuse optical imaging
Angelo, J. P., Chen, S.-J. K., Ochoa, M., Sunar, U., Gioux, S., & Intes, X. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071602 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Setchfield, K., Gorman, A., Simpson, A. H. R. W., Somekh, M. G., & Wright, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.29.1.010901 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
In Vivo Measurement of Optical Properties of Human Skin for 450–800 nm and 950–1600 nm Wavelengths
Kono, T., & Yamada, J. (2019) · International Journal of Thermophysics · doi:10.1007/s10765-019-2515-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Multimodal analyses of vitiligo skin idenitfy tissue characteristics of stable disease
Shiu, J., Zhang, L., Lentsch, G. R., Flesher, J. L., Jin, S., Polleys, C. M., Jo, S. J., Mizzoni, C., Mobasher, P., Kwan, J., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.154585 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationCompressed single pixel imaging in the spatial frequency domain
Torabzadeh, M., Park, I.-Y., Bartels, R. A., Durkin, A. J., & Tromberg, B. J. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.030501 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationSetchfield, K., Gorman, A., Simpson, A. H. R. W., Somekh, M. G., & Wright, A. J. (2023) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.493588 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fast, A., Lal, A., Durkin, A. F., Lentsch, G. R., Harris, R. M., Zachary, C. B., Ganesan, A. K., & Balu, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75172-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationOptical sampling depth in the spatial frequency domain
Hayakawa, C. K., Karrobi, K., Pera, V., Roblyer, D. M., & Venugopalan, V. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071603 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Melanometry for objective evaluation of skin pigmentation in pulse oximetry studies
Vasudevan, S., Vogt, W. C., Weininger, S., & Pfefer, T. J. (2024) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00550-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
In vivo multiphoton microscopy of melasma
Lentsch, G. R., Balu, M., Williams, J. N., Lee, S. H., Harris, R. M., König, K., Ganesan, A. K., Tromberg, B. J., Nair, N., Santhanam, U., et al. (2018) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12756 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid mesoscale multiphoton microscopy of human skin
Balu, M., Mikami, H., Hou, J., Potma, E. O., & Tromberg, B. J. (2016) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.7.004375 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, X., Lin, W., Wang, C., Chen, S., Sheng, J., Zeng, B., & Xu, M. Q. (2017) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.8.005468 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Phan, T., Rowland, R., Ponticorvo, A., Le, B. C., Wilson, R. H., Sharif, S. A., Kennedy, G. T., Bernal, N. P., & Durkin, A. J. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.26.2.026001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationPena, A., Decencière, É., Brizion, S., Sextius, P., Koudoro, S., Baldeweck, T., & Tancrède‐Bohin, E. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03114-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Ruiz, R., Chen, C., Razzak, E., Vasudeva, P., Krasieva, T. B., Shiu, J., Caldwell, M. G., Yan, H., Lowengrub, J. S., Ganesan, A. K., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61026 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Optical sampling depth in the spatial frequency domain.
Hayakawa, C. K., Karrobi, K., Pera, V., Roblyer, D. M., & Venugopalan, V. (2018) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vasefi, F., MacKinnon, N. B., Saager, R. B., Kelly, K. M., Maly, T. J., Booth, N., Durkin, A. J., & Farkas, D. L. (2016) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.21.11.114001 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSaager, R. B., Sharif, A., Kelly, K. M., & Durkin, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.057001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationHuttunen, M. J., Hristu, R., Dumitru, A. V., Floroiu, I., Costache, M., & Stanciu, S. G. (2019) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.11.000186 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Saager, R. B., Dang, A. N., Huang, S. S., Kelly, K. M., & Durkin, A. J. (2017) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.5001075 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationHu, D., van Zeyl, M., Valter, K., & Potas, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.201900010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lentsch, G. R., Valdebran, M., Saknīte, I., Smith, J. E., Linden, K. G., König, K., Barr, R. J., Harris, R. M., Tromberg, B. J., Ganesan, A. K., et al. (2020) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12902 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationGomes, A. L. S., Becker-Kerber, B., Osés, G. L., Prado, G., Becker-Kerber, B., de Barros, G. E. B., Galante, D., Rangel, E. C., Bidola, P., Herzen, J., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550418000538 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tancrède‐Bohin, E., Baldeweck, T., Brizion, S., Decencière, É., Victorin, S., Ngo, B., Raynaud, E., Souverain, L., Bagot, M., & Pena, A. (2020) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/srt.12877 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Phan, T., Rowland, R. A., Ponticorvo, A., Le, B. C., Sharif, S. A., Kennedy, G. T., Wilson, R. H., & Durkin, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.27.3.036002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial frequency domain imaging for fruit quality assessment: A comprehensive review
Gao, Y., Sun, Z., Xie, L., & Ying, Y. B. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105110 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Vicente, J. R., Durkin, A. F., Shrestha, K., & Balu, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12317-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSaager, R. B., Baldado, M. L., Rowland, R. A., Kelly, K. M., & Durkin, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.23.4.046002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHandheld multispectral imager for quantitative skin assessment in low-resource settings
Belcastro, L., Jonasson, H., Tomas Strömberg, A., & Saager, R. B. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.25.8.082702 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHoran, S. T., Gardner, A. R., Saager, R. B., Durkin, A. J., & Venugopalan, V. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071607 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSaknīte, I., Kwun, S., Zhang, K., Hood, A., Chen, F., Kangas, L., Kortteisto, P., Kukkonen, A., Spīgulis, J., & Tkaczyk, E. R. (2023) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.202300009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Absorption and reduced scattering coefficients in epidermis and dermis from a Swedish cohort study
Jonasson, H., Fredriksson, I., Bergstrand, S., Östgren, C. J., Larsson, M., & Tomas Strömberg, A. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.28.11.115001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Influence of optical aberrations on depth-specific spatial frequency domain techniques
Majedy, M., Das, N., Johansson, J., & Saager, R. B. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.27.11.116003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationKarrobi, K., Tank, A., Tabassum, S. M., Pera, V., & Roblyer, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.201800379 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Analysis of Melanin Concentration on Reflective Pulse Oximetry Using Monte Carlo Simulations
Reiser, M., Amft, O., & Breidenassel, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3538281 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Attia, A. B. E., Bi, R., Dev, K., Du, Y., & Olivo, M. (2020) · Translational Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/tbio.202000010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
In Vivo Evaluation of Melasma Pathologic Features and Treatment Response by 2-Photon Microscopy
Ning, X., Yang, J., Ouyang, H., Jiang, L., Yu, R., Li, C., Sheng, Y., Song, X., Xu, J., Zuo, X., et al. (2025) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2025.2790 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Multimodal and non‐linear optical microscopy applications in reproductive biology
Adur, J. F., Barbosa, G. O., Pelegati, V. B., Baratti, M. O., Cesar, C. L., Casco, V. H., & Carvalho, H. F. (2016) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.22684 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chen, H., Wang, H.-C., Sung, C.-C., Hsu, Y.-T., & Sheen, Y. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.30.2.023518 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Applegate, M. B., Spink, S. S., & Roblyer, D. M. (2020) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.411976 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Robbins, C. M., Tabassum, S. M., Baumhauer, M. F., Yang, J., Antaki, J. F., & Kainerstorfer, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.056005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Multimode optical dermoscopy (SkinSpect) analysis for skin with melanocytic nevus
Vasefi, F., MacKinnon, N. B., Saager, R. B., Kelly, K. M., Maly, T. J., Chave, R. G., Booth, N., Durkin, A. J., & Farkas, D. L. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2214288 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRaman Spectral Imaging Based Histopathology of Human Skin Tissue
Yin, Y., Gong, Y., Zhang, X., Li, J., Wang, K., He, Q., Bai, J., Qin, J., & Wang, S. (2018) · Journal of Applied Spectroscopy · doi:10.1007/s10812-018-0688-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tian, Y., Wu, Z., Lui, H., Zhao, J., Kalia, S., Seo, I., Ou‐Yang, H., & Zeng, H. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13131158 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cassemiro, A., Motta, L. J., Fiadeiro, P. T., & Fonseca, E. (2024) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics11111038 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, J., Li, W., Lin, S., Jian, M., Wang, R., Wu, S., Ye, Z., & Li, Z. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108782 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ranjit, S., Torrado, B., Vallmitjana, A., Durkin, A. F., Dvornikov, A. S., Ganesan, A. K., Kelly, K. M., & Balu, M. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-09427-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPryor, Y., He, J., Kang, J., Jenkins, B. A., & Lasisi, T. (2026) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2026.03.025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bedside, Real-Time Visualization and Diagnosis of Skin Lesions: A Myth or Reality?
Jain, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0411-8_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rowland, R. A., Ponticorvo, A., Le, B., Phan, T. P., Bernal, N. P., & Durkin, A. J. (2020) · Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1117/12.2546391 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLarge field of view multiphoton microscopy of human skin
Balu, M., Mikami, H., Hou, J., Potma, E. O., & Tromberg, B. J. (2016) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2216163 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationModel-based quantitative assessment of skin microcirculatory blood flow and oxygen saturation
Jonasson, H. (2016) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-127691 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
In vivo multiphoton microscopy imaging of pigmentary skin disorders
Balu, M., Lentsch, G. R., Williams, J. N., Saknīte, I., Koenig, K., Ganesan, A. K., & Tromberg, B. J. (2017) · Optics in the Life Sciences · doi:10.1364/omp.2017.omm3d.3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMazumder, D., Kholiqov, O., & Srinivasan, V. J. (2024) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.507373 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging
Saager, R. B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39062-3_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMendes, A. C. M., do Monte, A. F. G., & Saager, R. B. (2024) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.523717 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSkin Diagnostic Method Using Fontana-Masson Stained Images of Stratum Corneum Cells
HASEGAWA, S., Enomoto, K., Mizutani, T., Okano, Y., Tanaka, T., & Sakai, O. (2024) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · doi:10.1587/transinf.2023edp7256 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mneimneh, F., Islam, M. T., Cao, G., & Avanaki, K. (2025) · Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1117/12.3044534 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parsanasab, M., Mehendale, A. M., Karrobi, K., Roblyer, D. M., & Venugopalan, V. (2025) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.30.6.065001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shiu, J., Zhang, L., Lentsch, G. R., Flesher, J. L., Jin, S., Polleys, C. M., Jo, S. J., Mizzoni, C., Mobasher, P., Kwan, J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.03.470971 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationVicente, J. R., Durkin, A. F., Shrestha, K., & Balu, M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.482009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSaager, R. B., Dang, A. N., Huang, S. S., Kelly, K. M., & Durkin, A. J. (2017) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2252518
Self-citationInvestigating Human Skin Using Deep Learning Enhanced Multiphoton Microscopy
Huttunen, M. J., Hristu, R., Dumitru, A. V., Costache, M., & Stanciu, S. G. (2019) · International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks · doi:10.1109/icton.2019.8840265
FLAME: Macroscopic imaging with microscopic resolution. Optical biopsy of human skinPreprint
Fast, A., Lal, A., Durkin, A. F., Zachary, C. B., Ganesan, A. K., & Balu, M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.31.927590
Self-citationHuttunen, M. J., & Kiviniemi, A. (2020) · International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks · doi:10.1109/icton51198.2020.9203080
Evaluation of a melanoma screening framework based on depth resolved light scattering
Majedy, M. (2023) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Thesis · doi:10.3384/9789180751155
Absorption and reduced scattering coefficients in epidermis and dermis from a Swedish cohort study
Jonasson, H., Fredriksson, I., Bergstrand, S., Östgren, C. J., Larsson, M., & Tomas Strömberg, A. (2023) · Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1117/12.2648026
Multi-frequency SFDI : depth-resolved scattering models of wound healing
Belcastro, L. (2023) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations · doi:10.3384/9789180753562
Parsanasab, M., Mehendale, A. M., Karrobi, K., Roblyer, D. M., & Venugopalan, V. (2025) · Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy of Tissue · doi:10.1117/12.3043869
Leinonen, A., Alamäki, M., Mäyrä, A. P., & Popov, A. (2025) · European Conferences on Biomedical Optics (ECBO) · doi:10.1364/ecbo.2025.m3a.45
Leinonen, A., Alamäki, M., Mäyrä, A., & Popov, A. (2025) · Translational Biophotonics: Diagnostics and Therapeutics · doi:10.1117/12.3097826
Rapid peripheral reprogramming of myelinated afferents drives human hyperalgesiaPreprint
Bouchatta, O., Marshall, A., Lindström, S., Kupari, J., Manouze, H., Barakat, A., Yu, H., Szczot, I., Johansson, J., Saager, R. B., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.703527
Self-citationSources of data heterogeneity in the assessment of cutaneous microcirculation
Kiselev, A. R. (2026) · Physiology International · doi:10.1556/2060.2026.00757
Retrieving of the melanosome fraction of human epidermis in vivo from skin chromatic coordinates
Narea‐Jiménez, F., Vázquez-Villa, A., Arriaga-Arriaga, C. A., Guzmán, A. S., & Cho, A. D. (2026) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ae6458
Multilayer Vascular Wrist Phantom for In Vitro Optical Evaluation of Wearable Sensors
Awad-Pérez, K., Osorio-Sanchez, L., May, J. M., & Kyriacou, P. A. (2026) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-39674-7_18
- Authors
- Saager, R. B., Balu, M., Crosignani, V., Sharif, A., Durkin, A. J., Kelly, K. M., & Tromberg, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Optics
- Publisher
- SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
- Published
- 2015-06-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 06
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1083-3668 (ISSN-L)
- 1560-2281
- PMC
- PMC4463032
- OpenAlex
- W1960459100
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Optics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation (P41EB015890)
- University of California
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001414, UL1TR000153, TR000153, P41-EB-015890)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA062203)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R42GM077713)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R21EB014440, P41EB015890)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- melanin content, Fitzpatrick skin type, epidermal thickness, multiphoton microscopy, skin pigmentation, sun-exposed skin, in vivo skin measurement
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Melanins, Skin, Spectrum Analysis, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
