Characterizing reduced scattering coefficient of normal human skin across different anatomic locations and Fitzpatrick skin types using spatial frequency domain imaging
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), a noncontact wide-field imaging technique using patterned illumination with multiple wavelengths, has been used to quantitatively measure structural and functional parameters of in vivo tissue. Using SFDI in a porcine model, we previously found that scattering changes in skin could potentially be used to noninvasively assess burn severity and monitor wound healing. Translating these findings to human subjects necessitates a better understanding of the variation in “baseline” human skin scattering properties across skin types and anatomical locations. Aim: Using SFDI, we aim to characterize the variation in the reduced scattering coefficient (μs′) for skin across a range of pigmentation and anatomic sites (including common burn locations) for normal human subjects. These measurements are expected to characterize baseline human skin properties to inform our use of SFDI for clinical burn severity and wound healing assessments. Approach: SFDI was used to measure μs′ in the visible- and near-infrared regime (471 to 851 nm) in 15 subjects at 10 anatomical locations. Subjects varied in age, gender, and Fitzpatrick skin type. Results: For all anatomical locations, the coefficient of variation in measured μs′ decreased with increasing wavelength. High intersubject variation in μs′ at visible wavelengths coincided with large values of the melanin extinction coefficient at those wavelengths. At 851 nm, where intersubject variation in μs′ was smallest for all anatomical locations and absorption from melanin is minimal, significant intrasubject differences in μs′ were observed at the different anatomical locations. Conclusions: Our study is the first report of wide-field mapping of human skin scattering properties across multiple skin types and anatomical locations using SFDI. Measured μs′ values varied notably between skin types at wavelengths where absorption from melanin was prominent. Additionally, μs′ varied considerably across different anatomical locations at 851 nm, where the confounding effects from melanin absorption are minimized.
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Absorption tended to decrease with increasing wavelength in all skin types.
“Absorption tended to decrease with increasing wavelength in all skin types.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
In general, subjects with skin types I and II had the least absorption in the visible spectrum, while subjects with skin types IV, V, and VI had the greatest absorption in the visible spectrum, although there was some overlap with skin type III.
“In general, subjects with skin types I and II had the least absorption in the visible spectrum. Subjects with skin types IV, V, and VI had the greatest absorption in the visible spectrum although there was some overlap with the data for skin type III.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [49]
Baseline scattering varied amongst measurement location (Phan et al.).
“Baseline scattering varied amongst measurement location.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
Phan et al. found not enough measurements across the spectrum to observe absorption peaks associated with skin components, although the general trend was for a reduction in absorption with increasing wavelength.
“There were not enough measurements made across the spectrum to observe absorption peaks associated with the components of the skin, although the general trend was for a reduction in absorption with increasing wavelength.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
Phan et al. found that the least variation in scattering between subjects was at 851 nm.
“They found that the least variation in scattering between subjects was at 851 nm.”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
Like Saager et al., Phan et al. showed that skin pigmentation affected measured coefficients and that inter-subject variation for both absorption and scattering decreased amongst all locations measured with increasing wavelength.
“Like Saager et al., these authors showed that skin pigmentation affected the measured coefficients and that inter-subject variation for both absorption and scattering was found to decrease amongst all locations measured with increasing wavelength [64,65].”
From Relevance and utility of the in-vivo and ex-vivo optical properties of the skin reported in the literature: a review [Invited] (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
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- Authors
- Phan, T., Rowland, R., Ponticorvo, A., Le, B. C., Wilson, R. H., Sharif, S. A., Kennedy, G. T., Bernal, N. P., & Durkin, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Phan, Thinh
- Durkin, Anthony J.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Optics
- Publisher
- SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
- Published
- 2021-02-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 02
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 1083-3668 (ISSN-L)
- 1560-2281
- PMC
- PMC7874851
- OpenAlex
- W3126651535
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Optics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Edwards Lifesciences
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Air Force (FA9550)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL116270)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM108634)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Infrared Thermography in Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
- Keywords
- reduced scattering coefficient, human skin, Fitzpatrick skin type, skin pigmentation, anatomical site variation, melanin absorption, spatial frequency domain imaging, burn severity assessment, wound healing monitoring, near-infrared, visible wavelength
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Burns, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Skin, Swine, Wound Healing
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