The rate of evolution of a quantum state
Abstract
Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Jos Uffink; The rate of evolution of a quantum state. Am. J. Phys. 1 October 1993; 61 (10): 935–936. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.17368 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAmerican Association of Physics TeachersAmerican Journal of Physics Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
An operator's variance does not provide a suitable measure of quantum uncertainty.
“it was further argued that the variance of an operator is not an adequate measure of quantum uncertainty [19,20]”
From Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
Both the Mandelstam-Tamm and Margolus-Levitin bounds are valid, as shown by elementary proofs and by proofs for mixed and entangled states.
“That both bounds, ( 12) and (16), hold true, however, was illustrated by further elementary proofs by, e.g.Uffink [19], Brody [54], Andrecut and Ali [55], and Kosiński and Zych [56], and by more eleborated proofs for mixed and entangled states [57][58][59].”
From Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
The Margolus-Levitin bound avoids the problem that the speed is set by the variance of a quantum observable.
“The Margolus-Levitin bound, equation ( 16), does not suffer from the conceptual issues that plagued the Mandelstam-Tamm bound-namely that the dynamical speed is determined by the variance of some quantum observable [19].”
From Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
For unitary dynamics restricted to orthogonal pure states, the QSL can be made tighter by combining MT and ML as τ ≥ max{πħ/(2ΔE), πħ/(2E)}.
“Therefore, the quantum speed limit for unitary dynamics, when restricting to orthogonal pure states, can be made tighter by combining these two independent results as τ ≥ maxfπℏ=ð2ΔEÞ; πℏ=ð2EÞg [17].”
From Generalized Geometric Quantum Speed Limits (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
The above expression generalizes in a unified manner previous results derived in Refs. [7-22].
“The above expression generalizes in an unified manner previous results derived in Refs. [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22].”
From Energy–time uncertainty relation for driven quantum systems (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dynamics of Loschmidt echoes and fidelity decay
Gorin, T., Prosen, T., Seligman, T. H., & Žnidarič, M. (2006) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2006.09.003 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Quantum speed limits: from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to optimal quantum control
Deffner, S., & Campbell, S. (2017) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/aa86c6 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limit for Non-Markovian Dynamics
Deffner, S., & Lutz, E. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.010402 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limit for Physical Processes
Taddei, M. M., Escher, B. M., Davidovich, L., & de Matos Filho, R. L. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.050402 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limits in Open System Dynamics
del Campo, A., Egusquiza, I. L., Plenio, M. B., & Huelga, S. F. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.050403 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Fundamental Limit on the Rate of Quantum Dynamics: The Unified Bound Is Tight
Levitin, L. B., & Toffoli, T. (2009) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.160502 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Generalized Geometric Quantum Speed Limits
Pires, D. P., Cianciaruso, M., Céleri, L. C., Adesso, G., & Soares-Pinto, D. O. (2016) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.6.021031 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
General Optimality of the Heisenberg Limit for Quantum Metrology
Zwierz, M., Pérez-Delgado, C. A., & Kok, P. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.180402 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Energy–time uncertainty relation for driven quantum systems
Deffner, S., & Lutz, E. (2013) · Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/33/335302 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Geometric derivation of the quantum speed limit
Jones, P. J., & Kok, P. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.82.022107 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Tightening Quantum Speed Limits for Almost All States
Campaioli, F., Pollock, F. A., Binder, F. C., & Modi, K. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.120.060409 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The uncertainty principle for energy and time
Hilgevoord, J. (1996) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.18410 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Quantum coherence sets the quantum speed limit for mixed states
Mondal, D., Datta, C., & Sazim, S. (2016) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2015.12.015 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relations
Uffink, J., & van Lith, J. (1999) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1023/a:1018811305766 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationEnergy efficient quantum machines
Abah, O., & Lutz, E. (2017) · EPL (Europhysics Letters) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/118/40005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Geometric Speed Limit of Accessible Many-Body State Preparation
Bukov, M., Sels, D., & Polkovnikov, A. (2019) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.9.011034 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Orthogonality Catastrophe as a Consequence of the Quantum Speed Limit
Fogarty, T., Deffner, S., Busch, T., & Campbell, S. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.110601 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Quantum speed limits—primer, perspectives, and potential future directions
Frey, M. R. (2016) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-016-1405-x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Quantum lithography, entanglement and Heisenberg-limited parameter estimation
Kok, P., Braunstein, S. L., & Dowling, J. P. (2004) · Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics · doi:10.1088/1464-4266/6/8/029 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
1 The Time–Energy Uncertainty RelationPreprint
Busch, P. (2001) · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Quantum speed limit for mixed states using an experimentally realizable metric
Mondal, D., & Pati, A. K. (2016) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2016.02.018 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Geometric quantum speed limits: a case for Wigner phase space
Deffner, S. (2017) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aa83dc · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Quantum phase difference, phase measurements and stokes operators
Luis, A., & Sánchez-Soto, L. L. (2000) · Progress in optics · doi:10.1016/s0079-6638(00)80021-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Time–Energy Uncertainty Relation
Busch, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73473-4_3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Shortcut-to-adiabaticity quantum Otto refrigerator
Abah, O., Paternostro, M., & Lutz, E. (2020) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.023120 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Speed limits in Liouville space for open quantum systems
Uzdin, R., & Kosloff, R. (2016) · EPL (Europhysics Letters) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/115/40003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Energy–time and frequency–time uncertainty relations: exact inequalities
Dodonov, V. V., & Dodonov, A. V. (2015) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/0031-8949/90/7/074049 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Quantum speed limits for information and coherence
Mohan, B., Das, S., & Pati, A. K. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac753c · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Time-Energy Uncertainty Relation
Busch, P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-45846-8_3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nonexponential fidelity decay in isolated interacting quantum systems
Torres-Herrera, E. J., & dos Santos, L. F. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.90.033623 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Reverse quantum speed limit: How slowly a quantum battery can discharge
Mohan, B., & Pati, A. K. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.104.042209 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Relaxation and thermalization of isolated many-body quantum systems
Torres-Herrera, E. J., Kollmar, D., & dos Santos, L. F. (2015) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/0031-8949/2015/t165/014018 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Quantum speed limits for observables
Mohan, B., & Pati, A. K. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.106.042436 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-averaging in many-body quantum systems out of equilibrium: Chaotic systems
Schiulaz, M., Torres-Herrera, E. J., Pérez-Bernal, F., & dos Santos, L. F. (2020) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.101.174312 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Decoherence speed limit in the spin-deformed boson model
Dehdashti, S., Harouni, M. B., Mirza, B., & Chen, H. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.91.022116 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fast quantum computation at arbitrarily low energy
Jordan, S. P. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.95.032305 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
How fast can a quantum state evolve into a target state?
Luo, S. (2004) · Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/j.physd.2003.10.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limit of a Photon under Non-Markovian Dynamics
Xu, Z.-Y., & Zhu, S.-Q. (2014) · Chinese Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/0256-307x/31/2/020301 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evolution speed of open quantum dynamics
Brody, D. C., & Longstaff, B. (2019) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.1.033127 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Elementary proof of the bound on the speed of quantum evolution
Kosiński, P., & Zych, M. (2006) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.73.024303 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Butterfield, J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118522097.ch14 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Speed limits on correlations in bipartite quantum systems
Pandey, V., Shrimali, D., Mohan, B., Das, S., & Pati, A. K. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.052419 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Luo, S., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2002) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/35/28/311 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dependence of the quantum speed limit on system size and control complexity
Lee, J., Arenz, C., RABITZ, H. A., & Russell, B. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aac6f3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zhou, B., Zeng, Y., & Chen, S. (2021) · Physical review. B./Physical review. B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.104.094311 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Minimal time required to charge a quantum system
Gyhm, J.-Y., Rosa, D., & Šafránek, D. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.109.022607 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Generalised quantum speed limit for arbitrary time-continuous evolution
Thakuria, D., Srivastav, A., Mohan, B., Kumari, A., & Pati, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ad15ad · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tunneling time in attosecond experiments and the time-energy uncertainty relation
Kullie, O. (2015) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.052118 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nonlinear speed-ups in ultracold quantum gases
Deffner, S. (2022) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/ac9fed · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Andrews, M. (2007) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.75.062112 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Quantum speedup of uncoupled multiqubit open system via dynamical decoupling pulses
Song, Y.-J., Kuang, L.-M., & Tan, Q.-S. (2016) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-016-1291-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Quantum speed limit in a qubit-spin-bath system
Hou, L., Shao, B., Wei, Y.-B., & Zou, J. (2015) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/48/49/495302 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shrimali, D., Panda, B., & Pati, A. K. (2024) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.110.022425 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Survival Probability of the Néel State in Clean and Disordered Systems: An Overview
Torres-Herrera, E. J., Távora, M., & Santos, L. F. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Physics · doi:10.1007/s13538-015-0366-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nonequilibrium Quantum Dynamics of Many-Body Systems
dos Santos, L. F., & Torres-Herrera, E. J. (2017) · Understanding complex systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68109-2_12 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Evolution time and energy uncertainty
Boykin, T. B., Kharche, N., & Klimeck, G. (2007) · European Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/0143-0807/28/4/007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Energy-Time Uncertainty Relations in Quantum Measurements
Miyadera, T. (2016) · Foundations of Physics · doi:10.1007/s10701-016-0027-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-averaging in many-body quantum systems out of equilibrium: Time dependence of distributions
Torres-Herrera, E. J., Vallejo-Fabila, I., Martínez-Mendoza, A. J., & dos Santos, L. F. (2020) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.102.062126 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Distribution of quantum entanglement : principles and applications
Krisnanda, I. W. G. T. (2020) · doi:10.32657/10356/137381 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Estimating the time evolution of NMR systems via a quantum-speed-limit–like expression
Villamizar, D. V., Duzzioni, E. I., Auccaise, A. C. L., & Auccaise, R. (2018) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.97.052125 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Theoretical analysis of a nearly optimal analog quantum search
Cafaro, C., & Alsing, P. M. (2019) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ab111f · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Towards enhanced precision in thermometry with nonlinear qubits
Deffner, S. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/adac05 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Unitary evolution and the distinguishability of quantum states
Morley-Short, S., Rosenfeld, L. M., & Kok, P. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.90.062116 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Analytic Results for Gaussian Wave Packets in Four Model Systems: II. Autocorrelation Functions
Robinett, R. W., & Bassett, L. C. (2004) · Foundations of Physics Letters · doi:10.1007/s10702-004-1119-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A note on the uncertainty relation between the position and momentum
Yu, T. (1996) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(96)00744-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Entropy Balance in the Expanding Universe: A Novel Perspective
Tozzi, A., & Peters, J. F. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21040406 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
On the time-independent Hamiltonian in real-time and imaginary-time quantum annealing*
Sun, J., & Lu, S. (2020) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/aba2db · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gravitational Field effects on the Decoherence Process and the Quantum Speed Limit
Dehdashti, S., Avazzadeh, Z., Xu, Z., Shen, J. Q., Mirza, B., & Wang, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15114-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Quantum speed of evolution in a Markovian bosonic environment
Marian, P., & Marian, T. A. (2021) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.103.022221 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A variation of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation involving an average
Luo, S. (2001) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/34/15/307 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gaidash, A., Kiselev, A. D., Владимирович, К. А., & Miroshnichenko, G. P. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/2lgr-34qp · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Excitation of time-dependent quantum systems: An application of time–energy uncertainty relations
Khalil, T., & Richert, J. (2014) · Physica B Condensed Matter · doi:10.1016/j.physb.2014.09.027 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Luo, S. (2002) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(02)01345-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stronger Quantum Speed Limit for Mixed Quantum States
Bagchi, S., Thakuria, D., & Pati, A. K. (2023) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e25071046 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Correlations and energy in mediated dynamics
Krisnanda, T., Lee, S., Noh, C., Kim, J., Streltsov, A., Liew, T. C. H., & Paterek, T. (2022) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aca9ef · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Affinity-based geometric discord and quantum speed limits of its creation and decay
Muthuganesan, R., & Balakrishnan, S. (2022) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/aca1ec · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Speed of Evolution and Correlations in Multi-Mode Bosonic Systems
Kiselev, A. D., Ali, R., & Rybin, A. V. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24121774 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quantum Speed Limits and the Ultimate Scaling of the Quantum Sensors
Maleki, Y. (2026) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e28080836 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Attainable quantum speed limit for N -dimensional quantum systems
Mai, Z.-Y., & Yu, C. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/9xmb-dmlw · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unified fidelity-based framework for quantum speed limits in open quantum systems
Osán, T. M., Álvarez, Y., Portesi, M., & Lamberti, P. W. (2026) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/nypk-t1qq · Cited by 1 · see citing works
On the Limits of Information Retrieval in Quantum MechanicsPreprint
Lerner, P. B. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1311.6781 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Time Symmetry Breaking in Pre-Big Bang Vacuum StatePreprint
Tozzi, A., Peters, J. F., Chafin, C., & Falco, D. D. (2016) · viXra · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Uses of a Quantum Master InequalityPreprint
Fleming, G. N. (2001) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.physics/0106077 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantum Information Processing with Continuous Variables and Atomic EnsemblesPreprint
Zwierz, M. (2011) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1102.1918
Conditions and Probability of electron-Photon Interactions
Berceli, T. (2013) · Optics · doi:10.11648/j.optics.20130201.13
Volkoff, T. J. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
James, G. D., & Liebeck, M. W. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814532.010
Geometria da informação quântica: uma abordagem geral acerca do tempo de evolução
Pires, D. P. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.76.2017.tde-17032017-104320
Tozzi, A. (2018) · viXra
R&D advances for quantum communication systems
Leuchs, G., Marquardt, C., Sánchez-Soto, L. L., & Strekalov, D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816502-7.00014-2
There Is More Than One Way to Skin a Cat: Quantum Information Principles in a Finite World
Hagar, A. (2020) · Jerusalem studies in philosophy and history of science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34316-3_13
Spatial and temporal bounds on quantum effects for micro-organisms
Jääskeläinen, M. (2020) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ab89f4
Vallejo-Fabila, I., & Torres-Herrera, E. J. (2023) · Physical review. E · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.10213
A Brief History of Quantum Speed Limits in Isolated Systems
Carabba, N. (2024) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74179-1_4
Jensen–Shannon divergence coherence and its quantum speed limit
Song, J. D., & Yu, C. (2025) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ae1821
Quantum speed limit for observables from quantum asymmetry
Budiyono, A., Moody, M. P., Prihadi, H. L., Rahmawati, R., & Deffner, S. (2026) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/tfnt-58sw
Continuous crossover from quantum-limit-bounded evolution to exponential delay
Zheltikov, A. M. (2025) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/8f95-w44f
Yan, R., Yang, W., & Qiu, L. (2026) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae719d
- Authors
- Uffink, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Uffink, Jos
- ORCID
- Uffink, Jos
- Venue
- American Journal of Physics
- Published
- 1993-10-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 935-936
- ISSN
- 0002-9505 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2909
- OpenAlex
- W2093543847
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Social Sciences › Education › Science Education and Pedagogy
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Methods and Outcomes
- Keywords
- quantum state evolution, evolutionary rates, quantum dynamics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review