Carbohydrates, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Endurances: The Central Fatigue Hypothesis
Abstract
The mechanisms of central fatigue are largely unexplored, but the central fatigue hypothesis suggests that increased brain serotonin (5-HT) can cause a deterioration in sport and exercise performance. There is now convincing evidence that exercise-induced increases in the plasma free tryptophan (f-TRP)/branched-chain amino acids (BCCA) ratio are associated with increased brain 5-HT and the onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise. Furthermore, when drugs are administered to alter brain 5-HT, they have the predicted effects on exercise performance. The influence of nutritional manipulations of f-TRP/BCCA on performance is less well established. The effects of BCCA supplementation on exercise performance are mixed, and the published studies often suffer from methodological flaws. Alternatively, dramatic reductions in f-TRP/BCCA and enhanced performance accompany carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of carbohydrate feedings on mechanisms that reside in the brain versus the muscles themselves.
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The three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine are unique among the EAAs for their roles in protein metabolism, neural function, and blood glucose and insulin regulation.
“The three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine are unique among the EAAs for their roles in protein metabolism [150], neural function [151–153], and blood glucose and insulin regulation [154].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [152]
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- Authors
- Davis, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, J. Mark
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 1995-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- s1
- Pages
- S29-S38
- ISSN
- 1050-1606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2399686580
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- central fatigue, serotonin, free tryptophan, branched-chain amino acids, prolonged exercise, exercise performance, carbohydrate feeding, BCAA supplementation, brain serotonin, exercise fatigue
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Carbohydrates, Fatigue, Humans, Physical Endurance, Serotonin, Tryptophan, Carbohydrate Metabolism
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