Influence of Carbohydrate-Protein Beverage on Cycling Endurance and Indices of Muscle Disruption
Abstract
Carbohydrate–protein (CHO+Pro) beverages reportedly improve endurance and indices of muscle disruption, but it is unclear whether these effects are related to total energy intake or specific effects of protein. Purpose: The authors examined effects of CHO+Pro on time to exhaustion and markers of muscle disruption compared with placebo (PLA) and carbohydrate beverages matched for carbohydrate (CHO) and total calories (CHO+CHO). Methods: Eleven male cyclists completed 4 rides to exhaustion at 75% VO2peak. Participants consumed 250 ml of PLA, CHO (7.75%), CHO+CHO (9.69%), or CHO+Pro (7.75%/1.94%) every 15 min until fatigue, in a double-blind design. Results: Time to exhaustion was significantly longer (p < .05) in CHO+Pro (126.2 ± 25.4 min) and CHO+CHO (121.3 ± 36.8) than PLA (107.1 ± 30.3). CHO (117.5 ± 24.2) and PLA were not significantly different. Similarly, CHO+Pro was not significantly different from CHO and CHO+CHO. Postexercise plasma creatine kinase was lower after CHO+Pro (197.2 ± 149.2 IU/L) than PLA (407.4 ± 391.3), CHO (373.2 ± 416.6), and CHO+CHO (412.3 ± 410.2). Postexercise serum myoglobin was lower in CHO+Pro (47.0 ± 27.4 ng/mL) than all other treatments (168.8 ± 217.3, 82.6 ± 71.3, and 72.0 ± 75.8). Postexercise leg extensions at 70% 1RM were significantly greater 24 hr after CHO+Pro (11.3 ± 4.1) than PLA (8.8 ± 3.7), CHO (9.7 ± 4.3), and CHO+CHO (9.5 ± 3.6). Conclusion: These findings suggest that at least some of the reported improvements in endurance with CHO+Pro beverages might be related to caloric differences between treatments. Postexercise improvements in markers of muscle disruption with CHO+Pro ingestion appear to be independent of carbohydrate and caloric content and were elicited with beverages consumed only during exercise.
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Added protein does not appear to improve endurance performance when given for several days, weeks, or immediately prior to and during endurance exercise.
“In conclusion, added protein does not appear to improve endurance performance when given for several days, weeks, or immediately prior to and during endurance exercise.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
Adding protein to a carbohydrate beverage/gel during exhaustive endurance exercise decreases endurance athletes' feelings of muscular soreness.
“decreases the endurance athletes’ feelings of muscular soreness [6–8, 13].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
Adding protein to a carbohydrate beverage/gel during exhaustive endurance exercise suppresses markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) 12 to 24 h post-exercise.
“the scientific literature is consistent in reporting that adding protein to a carbohydrate beverage/gel during exhaustive endurance exercise suppresses markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase) 12 to 24 h post-exercise [8, 11–13]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
When adequate carbohydrate is delivered, adding protein to carbohydrate does not appear to improve endurance performance over the course of a few days or weeks.
“When adequate carbohydrate is delivered, adding protein to carbohydrate does not appear to improve endurance performance over the course of a few days or weeks.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Valentine, R. J., Saunders, M. J., Todd, M. K., & St. Laurent, T. G.
- Affiliations
- James Madison University (US)
- ORCID
- Valentine, Rudy J.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-378
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W2141452073
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- cycling endurance, time to exhaustion, creatine kinase, serum myoglobin, leg extension strength, energy intake, protein supplementation, carbohydrate supplementation, exercise fatigue, cyclists, post-exercise recovery, muscle damage markers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Beverages, Bicycling, Energy Intake, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Time Factors, Muscle, Skeletal, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
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