Carbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations

Baur, Daniel A.; Saunders, Michael J.

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y

Cited by 22Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingThermoregulation and physiological responses

Carbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations

Baur, Daniel A., Saunders, Michael J.·2021·European Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y

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Abstract

Purpose To critically examine the research on novel supplements and strategies designed to enhance carbohydrate delivery and/or availability.Methods Narrative review.Results Available data would suggest that there are varying levels of effectiveness based on the supplement/supplementation strategy in question and mechanism of action. Novel carbohydrate supplements including multiple transportable carbohydrate (MTC), modified carbohydrate (MC), and hydrogels (HGEL) have been generally effective at modifying gastric emptying and/or intestinal absorption. Moreover, these effects often correlate with altered fuel utilization patterns and/or glycogen storage. Nevertheless, performance effects differ widely based on supplement and study design. MTC consistently enhances performance, but the magnitude of the effect is yet to be fully elucidated. MC and HGEL seem unlikely to be beneficial when compared to supplementation strategies that align with current sport nutrition recommendations. Combining carbohydrate with other ergogenic substances may, in some cases, result in additive or synergistic effects on metabolism and/or performance; however, data are often lacking and results vary based on the quantity, timing, and inter-individual responses to different treatments. Altering dietary carbohydrate intake likely influences absorption, oxidation, and and/or storage of acutely ingested carbohydrate, but how this affects the ergogenicity of carbohydrate is still mostly unknown.Conclusions In conclusion, novel carbohydrate supplements and strategies alter carbohydrate delivery through various mechanisms. However, more research is needed to determine if/when interventions are ergogenic based on different contexts, populations, and applications.

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Although carbohydrate mouth rinsing has ergogenic effects in men, the same does not appear to hold true for trained female athletes in either high-intensity short-duration or resistance exercises.
“Although carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to have ergogenic effects in men [207], the same does not appear to hold true for trained female athletes, in either high intensity-short duration or resistance exercises [208,209].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [209]
Pre-intervention rates of exogenous CHO use in the elite race walker population were high in absolute comparison to findings from other studies using similar tracer technology (~1.2-1.4 g/min).
“the pre-intervention rates of exogenous CHO use in our population (mean peak of 1.47 g/min) are high in absolute comparison to findings from other studies using similar tracer technology (~1.2–1.4 g/min) [68,69].”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
The rate of intake of CHO during exercise is a key factor in determining exogenous CHO oxidation, with the intestinal absorption of CHO being the limiting factor in gut delivery and subsequent utilisation in the muscle.
“The rate of intake of CHO during exercise is a key factor in determining exogenous CHO oxidation, with the intestinal absorption of CHO being the limiting factor in gut delivery and subsequent utilisation in the muscle.”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
The use of multiple transportable CHOs represents a solution to the gut bottleneck and has been associated with high rates of exogenous CHO oxidation during laboratory exercise.
“The use of “multiple transportable CHOs” (combinations of CHO sources with non-competing intestinal absorption mechanisms) represents a solution to this gut bottleneck and has been associated with high rates of exogenous CHO oxidation during laboratory exercise (for review, see [68,69])”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [68]

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New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes
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Background
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Authors: Baur, D. A., & Saunders, M. J.
Affiliations: Virginia Military Institute (US)
James Madison University (US)
Corresponding author: Baur, Daniel A.
ORCID: Baur, Daniel A.
Venue: European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-10-27
Volume: 121
Issue: 1
Pages: 23-66
ISSN: 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
1439-6319
1439-6327
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y
OpenAlex: W3093996995
Cited by: 22
References: 376
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5
FWCI: 0.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Keywords: carbohydrate supplementation, hydrogels, gastric emptying, intestinal absorption, glycogen storage, fuel utilization, exercise performance, ergogenic aids, carbohydrate intake
MeSH terms: Animals, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Nutritive Value, Dietary Supplements, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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Carbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations

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