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Cited by 132Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Toward a Common Understanding of Diet–Exercise Strategies to Manipulate Fuel Availability for Training and Competition Preparation in Endurance Sport

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Burke, Louise M., Hawley, John A., Jeukendrup, Asker, Morton, James P., Stellingwerff, Trent, Maughan, Ronald J.·2018·International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289
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Abstract

From the breakthrough studies of dietary carbohydrate and exercise capacity in the 1960s through to the more recent studies of cellular signaling and the adaptive response to exercise in muscle, it has become apparent that manipulations of dietary fat and carbohydrate within training phases, or in the immediate preparation for competition, can profoundly alter the availability and utilization of these major fuels and, subsequently, the performance of endurance sport (events >30 min up to ∼24 hr). A variety of terms have emerged to describe new or nuanced versions of such exercise–diet strategies (e.g., train low, train high, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, periodized carbohydrate diet). However, the nonuniform meanings of these terms have caused confusion and miscommunication, both in the popular press and among the scientific community. Sports scientists will continue to hold different views on optimal protocols of fuel support for training and competition in different endurance events. However, to promote collaboration and shared discussions, a commonly accepted and consistent terminology will help to strengthen hypotheses and experimental/experiential data around various strategies. We propose a series of definitions and explanations as a starting point for a more unified dialogue around acute and chronic manipulations of fat and carbohydrate in the athlete’s diet, noting philosophies of approaches rather than a single/definitive macronutrient prescription. We also summarize some of the key questions that need to be tackled to help produce greater insight into this exciting area of sports nutrition research and practice.

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  • Carbohydrate availability during exercise is ergogenic as CHO feeding can help maintain plasma glucose and prevent hypoglycemia, spare hepatic glycogen, and delay muscle glycogen depletion.

    “It is well documented that carbohydrate availability during exercise is ergogenic as CHO feeding can help maintain plasma glucose and prevent hypoglycemia, spare hepatic glycogen, and delay muscle glycogen depletion [195–198].”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [196]

    The “Train high (exogenous CHO) session” passage says carbohydrate intake during exercise can supply muscle fuel and enhance performance. The “Recover high strategy” passage says further intake during a session can counter symptomatic hypoglycemia. Neither passage establishes that feeding spares hepatic glycogen or delays muscle glycogen depletion; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • Carbohydrate availability for racing can be maximized by adhering to a contemporary loading strategy (i.e., ~10 g·kg−1·d−1) in the 48 h leading into the event.

    “Indeed, CHO availability for racing can be maximized by adhering to a contemporary loading strategy (i.e., ~10 g·kg− 1·d− 1) in the 48 h leading into the event [42, 44], with care taken to avoid GI distress.”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [44]

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Christensen, E.H., & Hansen, O. (1939). III. Arbeitsfähigkeit und Ernäh- rung Skandinavisches Archiv Für. Physiologie, 81(1), 160-171.
  2. Hawley, J.A., Schabort, E.J., Noakes, T.D., & Dennis, S.C. (1997). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Sports Medicine, 24(2), 73-81.
  3. 201700080R · DOI
  4. Howley, P. (1996). In the long run-Steve Moneghetti (p. 133). Ringwood, Australia: Penguin Books Australia.

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Authors
Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Stellingwerff, T., & Maughan, R. J.
Affiliations
  • Australian Catholic University (AU)
  • Loughborough University (GB)
  • Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
  • University of Victoria (CA)
  • University of St Andrews (GB)
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
Publisher
Human Kinetics
Published
2018-09-01
Volume
28
Issue
5
Pages
451-463
ISSN
  • 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
  • 1543-2742
DOI
10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0289
OpenAlex
W2892684886
Cited by
132
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 4
FWCI
9.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
endurance sports, fuel availability, carbohydrate intake, dietary fat, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, competition preparation, exercise adaptation, terminology, sports nutrition
MeSH terms
Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Physical Endurance, Sports, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Athletic Performance, Diet, High-Fat, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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