Guidelines to classify female subject groups in sport-science research
Abstract
Aim: To review current cycling-related sport-science literature to formulate guidelines to classify female subject groups and to compare this classification system for female subject groups with the classification system for male subject groups. Methods: A database of 82 papers that described female subject groups containing information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology, biometrical and physiological parameters, and cycling experience was analyzed. Subject groups were divided into performance levels (PLs), according to the nomenclature. Body mass, body-mass index, maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ), peak power output (PPO), and training status were compared between PLs and between female and male PLs. Results: Five female PLs were defined, representing untrained, active, trained, well-trained, and professional female subjects. VO 2max and PPO significantly increased with PL, except for PL3 and PL4 ( P < .01). For each PL, significant differences were observed in absolute and relative VO 2max and PPO between male and female subject groups. Relative VO 2max is the most cited parameter for female subject groups and is proposed as the principal parameter to classify the groups. Conclusion: This systematic review shows the large variety in the description of female subject groups in the existing literature. The authors propose a standardized preexperimental testing protocol and guidelines to classify female subject groups into 5 PLs based on relative VO 2max , relative PPO, training status, absolute VO 2max , and absolute PPO.
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Tier 2: Trained/Developmental is estimated from national reports to include ∼12% to 19% of the population.
“Tier 2: Trained/Developmental is estimated from national reports of sport participation rates to include ∼12% to 19% of the population.[25][26][27]”
From Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Recreationally trained was defined as having a maximal V̇O2 of greater than 44.9 mL · kg −1 · min−1 for males and greater than 36.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1 for females (De Pauw et al., 2013; Decroix et al., 2016).”
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Proost, M., Bock, S. D., Habay, J., Nagels, G., Pauw, K. D., MEEUSEN, R. R., Roelands, B., & Cutsem, J. V. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114586 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationChronobiological Effects on Mountain Biking Performance
Silveira, A., Alves, F., Teixeira, A. M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186458 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
STÖGGL, T. L., Strepp, T., Blumkaitis, J. C., Schmuttermair, A., Wahl, P., & Haller, N. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155582 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hormonal intrauterine devices and heat exchange during exercise
Kirby, N. V., Meade, R. D., Richards, B. J., Notley, S. R., & Kenny, G. P. (2024) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp285977 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…active, but not endurance-trained, taken as ≥ 150 min of exercise per week and within ± 1 SD of ≥ 1 of each anthropometric and physical training criterion of Performance Level 2, in accordance with guidelines to classify female subject groups in sport-science research (Decroix et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStrepp, T., Blumkaitis, J. C., Haller, N., & STÖGGL, T. L. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003435 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“According to the established classifications (41,42), participants in our study with a mean ˙ VO 2max of roughly 60 mL·min − 1 ·kg − 1 are considered to be “ trained.”
Variability in Submaximal Self-Paced Exercise Bouts of Different Intensity and Duration
O’Grady, C., Passfield, L., & Hopker, J. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0785 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mock, M. G., Hirsch, K. R., Blue, M. N. M., Trexler, E. T., Roelofs, E. J., & Smith-Ryan, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002560 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“2 W, classifying the cyclists as Performance level 3 according to recently published guidelines for categorizing subject groups in female cycling research (9).”
BackgroundLinoby, A., Yusof, S. M., Ismail, A. D., Isa, K. A., Omar, S. S. S., Jamaludin, M., & Puad, S. M. S. M. (2020) · Lecture notes in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_44 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Summated Hazard Score as a Powerful Predictor of Fatigue in Relation to Pacing Strategy
Binkley, S., Foster, C., Cortis, C., de Koning, J. J., Dodge, C., Doberstein, S. T., Fusco, A., Jaime, S. J., & Porcari, J. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041984 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationBennett, S. E., Tiollier, E., Brocherie, F., Owens, D. J., Morton, J. P., & Louis, J. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260959 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lamberts, R. P., van Erp, T., Javaloyes, A., Eken, M. M., Langerak, N. G., & Tam, N. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05385-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Based on the range in PPO (males: 275–474; females: 254–364W) and V O 2peak values (males: 46.5–76.8 ml min kg −1 ; females 43.9–56.4 ml min kg −1 ) the cyclist in our study categorized from 'trained' to 'elite' cyclists (De Pauw et al. 2013; Decroix et al. 2016).”
InfluentialHebisz, R. G., & Hebisz, P. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311833 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Training Characteristics and Competitive Demands in Women Road Cyclists: A Systematic Review
Herrero-Molleda, A., Álvarez, M. J. Á., Floría, P., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2023-0038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sellés, S., Arévalo-Chico, H., Fernández‐Sáez, J., & Cejuela, R. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12020053 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Alternatively, their level could be classi fi ed between “performance level 4” (highly trained) and “performance level 5” (elite/professional) according to Decroix’s guidelines to classify female subject groups in sports science research [31]. was over 7 years.”
BackgroundEwell, T. R., Bomar, M. C., Brown, D. M., Brown, R. L., Kwarteng, B. S., Thomson, D. P., & Bell, C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162624 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The ingested dose of lactate supplement was 19 ± 1 mg/kg. Based on published guidelines recommended for classifying research participants [35,36], the study cohort comprised four males and one female considered untrained (Performance Level 1), three males and four females considered recreationally…”
BackgroundMethodPolsinelli, G., Rodio, A., & Federico, B. (2021) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000907 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Almquist, N. W., Sandbakk, Ø. B., & Solli, G. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.762950 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“7 kg body mass, and a well-trained cyclist, according to the classification by (Decroix et al., 2016).”
MethodAcute partial sleep deprivation attenuates blood pressure responses to cycling exercise
Bommarito, J. C., Stapleton, R. K., Murray, N. S., Burr, J. F., & Millar, P. J. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00453.2024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Saifi, A., Khanna, G. L., & Kalpana, K. (2024) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2024.0022 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Height was measured using a stadiometer, and the measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 cm following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthro-pometry (ISAK) guidelines 21 .”
MethodInfluentialSolli, G. S., Odden, I. U., Sælen, V., Hansen, J., Mølmen, K. S., & Rønnestad, B. R. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12223 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The participants had a history of 4.3 (3.0) years of competitive cycling and based on their initial V ̇ O 2max , categorized as cyclists at performance level 3 ( n = 4), 4 ( n = 6), and 5 ( n = 23) (De Pauw et al., 2013; Decroix et al., 2016).”
InfluentialConvit, L., Orellana, L., Périard, J. D., Carr, A. J., Warmington, S. A., Beaugeois, M., Abraham, A., & Snipe, R. M. J. (2024) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0125 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
International matches elicit stable mechanical workload in high-level female ice hockey
Perez, J., Brocherie, F., Couturier, A., et al. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2022.109455 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Based on an international classification [21], ten high-level female ice hockey players belonging to the French national team were mon - itored over four international exhibition matches with official rules against a similar level national team (international ranking: 10 th vs.”
BackgroundAre hemoglobin and volume oxygen maximum (vo2max) relevant each other?
Wati, I. D. P. (2021) · JOURNAL SPORT AREA · doi:10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(2).6248 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“It was found that performance and peak oxygen-using ability were related to VO2max ability (Decroix et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe Positive Impact of Small-Sided Games Training on VO2 max and Passing Accuracy in Futsal Players
Fitrian, Z. A., Graha, A. S., Nasrulloh, A., et al. (2023) · International journal of human movement and sports sciences · doi:10.13189/saj.2023.110127 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Proost, M., Habay, J., Wachter, J. D., Pauw, K. D., Marušič, U., MEEUSEN, R. R., Bock, S. D., Roelands, B., & Cutsem, J. V. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003322 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Only those who met the criteria for inclusion, that is, performance level 2 or 3 for men according to De Pauw et al. (32) and performance level 2 or 3 for women according to Decroix et al. (33), and who had not sustained a musculoskeletal injury in the 6 months before the trial were accepted.”
MethodSelf-citationLespagnol, É., Bocock, O., Heyman, J., Gamelin, F.-X., Berthoin, S., Pereira, B., Boissière, J., Duclos, M., & Heyman, E. (2020) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-1928 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“According to VO2max and/or training status, the participants were recreationally-trained or trained cyclists (10; 11).”
MethodFrøyd, C., Beltrami, F. G., Millet, G. Y., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00627 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Subjects were trained in both endurance and strength exercises and classified as performance level 3 or 4 (De Pauw et al., 2013; Decroix et al., 2016).”
MethodMorton, L. C., Paton, C. D., Aberkane, R., & Braakhuis, A. J. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12267 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Decroix, L., De Pauw, K., Foster, C., & Meeusen, R.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Meeusen, Romain
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 204-213
- ISSN
- 1555-0265 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-0273
- OpenAlex
- W4240624835
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (publishedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- subject classification, cycling, VO2max, peak power, training status, sex differences, performance level, body mass index, body mass
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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