Psychological correlates of flow in sport
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine possible psychological correlates of flow in a sample of older athletes. Both state and trait, or dispositional flow states, were examined. Masters athletes completed questionnaire assessments on two occasions while competing at an international masters sport competition. The participants (398) completed a questionnaire assessing intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, goal orientation, trait anxiety, perceived ability, and typical flow experiences (trait) when participating in sport. Of these participants, 213 completed a questionnaire after and in relation to one event they competed in at the Games. This second questionnaire assessed state flow, as well as perceptions of success, skills, and challenges in a selected sport event. Correlational and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine psychological correlates of state and trait flow. Patterns of relationships were found between flow and perceived ability, anxiety, and an intrinsic motivation variable. Understanding flow and its relationship with other psychological variables are discussed.
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Cognitive aspects of anxiety, such as lack of concentration and worries, play a more significant role in impeding flow states than physiological aspects.
“Jackson et al. (1998) have emphasized that the cognitive aspects of anxiety, such as lack of concentration and worries, play a more significant role in impeding flow states compared to physiological aspects.”
From Mindfulness and self-rated performance among novice athletes in China: a sequential mediating role of flow and cognitive anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Jackson et al., 1998
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“Some authors used selected subscales of the Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996), some used the Flow Trait Scale (Jackson, Kimiecik, Ford, & Marsh, 1998), some developed study-specific measures (e.g., Tiggemann & Slater, 2001), and Szymanski and Henning (2007) developed a new measure.”
MethodVlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S. (2006) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
“Construct validity evidence has been reported for the TFS through correlations with theoretically related variables (Jackson et al., 1998).”
BackgroundValidation of the revised sport motivation scale (SMS-II)
Pelletier, L. G., Rocchi, M., Vallerand, R. J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Jackson, S. A., Martin, A. J., & Eklund, R. C. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.5.561 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
“A related concept, perceived competence in one’s targeted activity, is also included, as previous research by Jackson and colleagues (e.g., Jackson et al., 1998) has shown this construct to be strongly associated with flow.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationJob characteristics, flow, and performance: The moderating role of conscientiousness.
Demerouti, E. (2006) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.3.266 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Sport and Physical Activity: A Review and a Look at the Future
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Flow at work: An experience sampling approach
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A systematic review of the experience, occurrence, and controllability of flow states in elite sport
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“Flow is experienced in a broad array of different problem solving situations from artistic activities (de Manzano et al., 2010), to athletics (Jackson et al., 1998, 2001), computer programming, video gaming (Harmat et al., 2015), and many occupational activities.”
Proneness for psychological flow in everyday life: Associations with personality and intelligence
Ullén, F., de Manzano, Ö., Almeida, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Nakamura, J., Csíkszentmihályi, M., & Madison, G. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.003 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
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“Previous research has revealed that flow seems to enhance several aspects of activities; for example, motivation (Csikszentmihalyi et al., 1993; Jackson et al., 1998), development (Carli et al.”
BackgroundAthlete Engagement in Elite Sport: An Exploratory Investigation of Antecedents and Consequences
Hodge, K. P., Lonsdale, C., & Jackson, S. A. (2009) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.23.2.186 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Jackson and colleagues (Jackson et al., 1998; Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2001) found that perceptions of competence were strong predictors of both dispositional and state flow in two competitive athlete samples.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFlow and performance: A study among talented Dutch soccer players
Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W. G. M., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.003 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Physiological correlates of the flow experience during computer game playing
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“Flow has been studied in widely different activities ranging from e.g. ocean cruising (Macbeth, 1988), motorcycle riding (Sato, 1988) and sports (Jackson et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2001) to computer gaming (Keller and Bless, 2008; Keller et al., 2011; Moller et al., 2010; Rheinberg and…”
BackgroundEffects of a mindfulness intervention on sports-anxiety, pessimism, and flow in competitive cyclists
Scott‐Hamilton, J., Schutte, N. S., & Brown, R. F. (2016) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12063 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Soulliard, Z. A., Kauffman, A. A., Fitterman-Harris, H. F., Perry, J. E., & Ross, M. J. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.12.009 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Motivation in Masters sport: Achievement and social goals
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Menzel, J. E., & Levine, M. P. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12304-008 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
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Flow and Its Affective, Cognitive, and Performance-Related Consequences
Landhäußer, A., & Keller, J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1_4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The experience of the flow state in live music performance
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“In accordance with Jackson et al. (1998), the participants completed the FSS-2 immediately after the completion of their end-of-year or end-of-mid-year performance examination, usually just outside the performance venue.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMurcia, J. A. M., Gimeno, E. M. C., & González‐Cutre, D. (2008) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600004224 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-Objectification Among Physically Active Women
Greenleaf, C. A. (2005) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-005-1193-8 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Arousal of Flow Experience in a Learning Setting and Its Effects on Exam Performance and Affect
Schüler, J. (2007) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652.21.3.217 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W., & Jackson, S. A. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540140 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationThe rewarding effect of flow experience on performance in a marathon race
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Singer, R. N. (2001) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.23.4.359 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
‘Just clicks’: an interpretive phenomenological analysis of professional dancers’ experience of flow
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Chirico, A., Serino, S., Cipresso, P., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00906 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org June 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 9063 In order to distinguish studies that analyzed flow as a trait, as a state or as both of them, without ambiguity, we referred to literature concerning flow assessment (Jackson and Marsh, 1996; Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 200…”
BackgroundInfluentialde Manzano, Ö., Červenka, S., Jučaitė, A., Hellenäs, O., Farde, L., & Ullén, F. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.072 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“…associatedwith positive affect, i.e. self-esteem, life satisfaction and psychological well-being (Asakawa, 2004, 2010; Ishimura andKodama, 2006; Jackson et al., 1998), traits for which positive associations with striatal D2R availability have been demonstrated (Martinez et al., 2010; Volkow et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFlow Experience and Athletes’ Performance with Reference to the Orthogonal Model of Flow
Stavrou, N. A. M., Jackson, S. A., Zervas, Y., & Karteroliotis, K. E. (2007) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.21.4.438 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Flow has been examined either as a phenomenon or as a concomitant of performance (Jackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999; Jackson & Wrigley, 2004), with a close relationship suggested between peak performance and flow (Jackson, 1992, 1999; Jackson & Roberts, 1992; Jackson et al., 1998; Jackson et al., 2001; Ravizza, 1977).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of asynchronous music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players
Pates, J., Karageorghis, C. I., Fryer, R., & Maynard, I. W. (2003) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(02)00039-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
川端, 雅., & Mallett, C. J. (2011) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9221-1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
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Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Flow State Scale
García‐Calvo, T., Castuera, R. J., Ruano, F. J. S.-R., Vaíllo, R. R., & Gimeno, E. M. C. (2008) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600004662 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Dark Side of Flow: A Qualitative Study of Dependence in Big Wave Surfing
Partington, S., Partington, E., & Olivier, S. (2009) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.23.2.170 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A review and extension of the flow experience concept. Insights and directions for Tourism research
Matos, N., de Sá, E. S., & Duarte, P. (2021) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100802 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Toward a Tripartite Model of Intrinsic Motivation
Carbonneau, N., Vallerand, R. J., & Lafrenière, M. K. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00757.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Results from another study (Jackson et al., 1998) in the sports realm revealed that IM to experience stimulation was a better predictor of flow than the other two types of IM.”
Sinnamon, S., Moran, A. P., & O’Connell, M. (2012) · Journal of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/0022429411434931 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“…studies, relatively low scores on individual dimensions have been interpreted to indicate a perceived lack of saliency of dimensions to the participants (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 1998; Jackson & Marsh, 1996) as distinct from indicating possible psychometric problems with the scales.”
BackgroundHeritability of proneness for psychological flow experiences
Mosing, M. A., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Nakamura, J., Madison, G., & Ullén, F. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.035 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Flow-Erleben in einem Computerspiel unter experimentell variierten Bedingungen
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“Trotzdem konnte in Felduntersuchungen diese Hypothese nicht bestätigt werden (Jackson et al., 1998; Stein, Kimiecik, Daniels & Jackson, 1995).”
BackgroundMarty-Dugas, J., & Smilek, D. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1031-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“In the extant literature, flow is typically characterized as a broad, global construct that incorporates nine facets (Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Jackson et al., 1998; Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2002; Swann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe Conceptualization of Team Flow
van den Hout, J. J. J., Davis, O. C., & Weggeman, M. (2018) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2018.1449729 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
In the zone: Flow state and cognition in older adults.
Payne, B. R., Jackson, J. J., Noh, S. R., & Stine‐Morrow, E. A. L. (2011) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0022359 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“With a population different from previous studies (including elders and non-experts) and across a broad range of self-selected activities, we showed similar model fit indices and factor loadings to previous measurement models of flow for both a 9-factor model (facets of flow) and a 1-factor (global flow) model (Jackso…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYoung athletes' motivational profiles.
Murcia, J. A. M., Gimeno, E. M. C., & Coll, D. G.-C. (2007) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Flow and Satisfaction With Life in Elite Musicians and Top Athletes
Habe, K., Biasutti, M., & Kajtna, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00698 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Flow in context: Development and validation of the flow experience instrument for social networking
Kaur, P., Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Rajala, R. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.039 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“This was followed by active empirical research aimed at developing a flow instrument for the domain of sports and physical activity (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 1998; Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Jackson et al., 2008; Jackson & Roberts, 1992).”
Method川端, 雅., Mallett, C. J., & Jackson, S. A. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationFournier, J., Gaudreau, P., Demontrond-Behr, P., Visioli, J., Forest, J., & Jackson, S. (2006) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…that the dimensions of flow were significantly associated with perceived ability, anxiety (Jackson, Kimiecik, Ford, & Marsh, 1998), selfdetermination (Jackson et al., 1998; Kowal & Fortier, 2000), areas of self-concept, and basic psychological skills (Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationExpanding the Flow Model in Adventure Activities: A Reversal Theory Perspective
Mackenzie, S. H., Hodge, K. P., & Boyes, M. (2011) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2011.11950248 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
"Transport Me Away": Fostering Flow in Open Offices through Virtual Reality
Ruvimova, A., Kim, J., Fritz, T., Hancock, M., & Shepherd, D. C. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376724 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Additionally, flow was used as a predictor of success in competition among older athletes [30].”
MethodFlow theory – goal orientation theory: positive experience is related to athlete’s goal orientation
Stavrou, N. A. M., Psychountaki, M., Georgiadis, E. M., Karteroliotis, K. E., & Zervas, Y. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01499 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…were based on cross-sectional examinations of responses lacking the important elements of temporal change and real time assessment (i.e., Jackson et al., 1998; Koehn et al., 2013b), both of them deemed important based on the theoretical analysis of flow (Csikszentmihalyi and LeFevre,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAchievement incentives determine the effects of achievement-motive incongruence on flow experience
Schüler, J. (2009) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-009-9150-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Flow is, for example, also influenced by a balance between one’s skills and the challenge of the task, the expertise of the person with respect to the activity at hand, and anxiety (Csikszentmihalyi 1990; Jackson et al. 1998; Rheinberg 2008).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Hypnosis on Flow States and Three-Point Shooting Performance in Bastketball Players
Pates, J., Cummings, A., & Maynard, I. W. (2002) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.16.1.34 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Task and ego goal orientations in competitive sport
Lochbaum, M. R., Çetinkalp, Z. K., Graham, K.-A., Wright, T., & Zazo, R. (2016) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.48.1.14 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Schüler, J., & Brandstätter, V. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2013.01045.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A better distraction: Exploring the benefits of flow during uncertain waiting periods.
Rankin, K., Walsh, L. C., & Sweeny, K. M. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000479 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Implicit Motives and Basic Need Satisfaction in Extreme Endurance Sports
Schüler, J., Wegner, M., & Knechtle, B. (2014) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2013-0191 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Pre-Competition Imagery and Music: The Impact on Flow and Performance in Competitive Soccer
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Motivation: The missing driver for theorizing about resource integration
Findsrud, R., Tronvoll, B., & Edvardsson, B. (2018) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593118764590 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Theoretically, an intrinsically motivated person should be more likely to experience flow, because he or she is extremely interested in the task at hand (Deci and Ryan, 1985; Jackson et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMurcia, J. A. M., Cervelló, E. M., & González‐Cutre, D. (2010) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cervelló, E. M., Ruano, F. J. S.-R., García‐Calvo, T., Castuera, R. J., & Gallego, D. I. (2007) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200701329134 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“These results follow in the line of other findings that have identified these same states of task involvement with subjective (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 1998) and objective (Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2001) performance criteria.”
ResultHierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Flow State Scale in exercise
Vlachopoulos, S. P., Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P. C. (2000) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404100419874 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Psychometric Properties of Dispositional Flow Scale-2 in Internet Gaming
Wang, J., Liu, W. C., & Khoo, A. (2009) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9058-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2007) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2005.tb00007.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Burgués, P. L., March‐Llanes, J., & Guiu, G. F. (2012) · Revista de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.6018/rie.31.1.147821 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Swann, C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28634-1_4 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…al. 2009), mental toughness (Crust and Swann 2013), mindfulness (e.g., Cathcart et al. 2014), confidence (e.g., Koehn 2013) and high perceived ability (Jackson and Roberts 1992), psychological skill proficiency (Jackson et al 2001), and mastery orientation (Kowal and Fortier 1999), amongst others.”
BackgroundYang, K., & Shih, P.-H. (2020) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2020.101400 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mosing, M. A., Pedersen, N. L., Cesarini, D. A., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K. E., Nakamura, J., Madison, G., & Ullén, F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047958 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“is negatively related to trait-anxiety [5,9], which in turn is positively related to behavioral inhibition [14].”
BackgroundResultConfirmatory factor analysis of the flow state scale in sports
Stavrou, N. A. M., & Zervas, Y. (2004) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2004.9671739 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Assessing flow experience in social networking site based brand communities
Kaur, P., Dhir, A., & Rajala, R. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.045 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“For example, the different long and short instruments developed by Jackson and Roberts (1992); Jackson and Marsh (1996); Jackson et al. (1998); Jackson and Eklund (2002); Jackson et al. (2008) address the domain of physical activity.”
BackgroundAntecedents, Boundary Conditions and Consequences of Flow
Barthelmäs, M., & Keller, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of a newly established flow state questionnaire
Magyaródi, T., Nagy, H., Soltész, P., Mózes, T., & Oláh, A. (2014) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Getting into a “Flow” state: a systematic review of flow experience in neurological diseases
Ottiger, B., van Wegen, E. E. H., Keller, K., Nef, T., Nyffeler, T., Kwakkel, G., & Vanbellingen, T. (2021) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00864-w · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychological Skills Training for Athletes in Sports: Web of Science Bibliometric Analysis
Park, I., & Jeon, J. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11020259 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“found positive and negative associations between flow and intrinsic motivation, perceived ability, and cognitive anxiety, respectively [72].”
BackgroundFerrand, C., Nasarre, S., Hautier, C. A., & Bonnefoy, M. (2012) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.20.2.215 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Pelletier, L. G., Vallerand, R. J., & Sarrazin, P. G. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.03.006 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Enabling Positive Change: Flow and Complexity in Daily Experience
Inghilleri, P., Riva, G., & Riva, E. (2015) · doi:10.2478/9783110410242 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Busch, H., Hofer, J., Chasiotis, A., & Campos, D. (2012) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0112-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of confidence and anxiety on flow state in competition
Koehn, S. (2012) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.746731 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“To date, flow research has revealed negative links between anxiety and flow (Jackson et al., 1998; Stavrou & Zervas, 2004) and a positive relationship between confidence and flow (Jackson, 1995; Russell, 2001; Stavrou & Zervas, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialColoring Versus Drawing: Effects of Cognitive Demand on Mood Repair, Flow, and Enjoyment
Forkosh, J., & Drake, J. E. (2017) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2017.1327272 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Corbally, L., Wilkinson, M., & Fothergill, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2019-0034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Duan, X., Wang, X. H., Li, X., Li, S., Zhong, Y., & Bu, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.960870 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“State and trait of flow are distinct components of flow experience (14).”
BackgroundMeggs, J., Chen, M. A., & Koehn, S. (2018) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512518803203 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This argument was supported by similar findings of canonical correlations of the flow state or DFS by Jackson et al. (1998, 2001) and Koehn (2013) who found that all flow dimensions loaded strongly on global flow, except transformation of time and loss of self-consciousness.”
ResultJackman, P. C., Swann, C., & Crust, L. (2016) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Langan, E., Hodge, K., McGowan, S., Carney, S., Saunders, V., & Lonsdale, C. (2016) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2015.1016084 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Riva, E., Riva, G., Talò, C., Boffi, M., Rainisio, N., Pola, L., Diana, B., Villani, D., Argenton, L., & Inghilleri, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182201 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The FSS has been constructed in order to assess the experience of flow in specific field of sports [27] [28], and it is administered at the end of a sports event or session, to reflect the experiences of flow in the activity that the person has just finished.”
Stamatelopoulou, F., Pezirkianidis, C., Karakasidou, E., Lakioti, A., & Stalikas, A. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.98115 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Several other correlates underlie flow in sports: positive correlates like intrinsic motivation and perceived ability (Jackson, Kimiecik, Ford, & Marsh, 1998), psychological skills and self-concept (Jackson, Thomas, Marsh, & Smethurst, 2001) and confidence appeared to be connected to flow and, also, a negative correla…”
BackgroundFlow in youth sport, physical activity, and physical education: A systematic review
Jackman, P. C., Dargue-Fox, E. J., Johnston, J., & Hawkins, R. M. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101852 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cermakova, L., Moneta, G. B., & Spada, M. M. (2010) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443411003777697 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Finally, flow as a state variable was found to be negatively associated with state anxiety among athletes (Jackson et al., 1998, 2001).”
BackgroundExploring the Weak Association between Flow Experience and Performance in Virtual Environments
Bian, Y., Yang, C., Zhou, C., Liu, J., Gai, W., Meng, X., Tian, F., & Shen, C. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173975 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Also, the amount of flow experience in a competition significantly correlated with both perceived success and performance in that competition [24, 26, 39].”
BackgroundPerfiles motivacionales de los usuarios en centros deportivos municipales
Sicilia, Á., Soto, C. Á., Rodríguez, J. M. M., Cantón, A. O., & Murcia, J. A. M. (2009) · Anales de Psicología · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mihelič, K. K., & Aleksić, D. (2017) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2017.1376503 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Motivación autodeterminada y flujo disposicional en el deporte
Murcia, J. A. M., Gimeno, E. M. C., & González‐Cutre, D. (2006) · Digitum: Institutional Repository of the University of Murcia (University of Murcia) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Effects of Individualized Imagery Interventions on Golf Performance and Flow States
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., & Holt, N. L. (2005) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Exploring flow in sport and exercise therapy with war and torture survivors
Ley, C., Krammer, J., Lippert, D., & Barrio, M. R. (2017) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.03.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cai, X., Cebollada, J., & Cortiñas, M. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102746 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jackson, S. A., Ford, S. K., Kimiecik, J. C., & Marsh, H. W.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Miami University (US)
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 358-378
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2126256904
- Cited by
- 408
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- flow, older athletes, masters athletes, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, goal orientation, trait anxiety, perceived competence, athletic performance, psychological correlates
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