Effects of a mindfulness intervention on sports-anxiety, pessimism, and flow in competitive cyclists
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether mindfulness training increases athletes' mindfulness and flow experience and decreases sport-specific anxiety and sport-specific pessimism. METHODS: Cyclists were assigned to an eight-week mindfulness intervention, which incorporated a mindful spin-bike training component, or a wait-list control condition. Participants completed baseline and post-test measures of mindfulness, flow, sport-anxiety, and sport-related pessimistic attributions. RESULTS: Analyses of covariance showed significant positive effects on mindfulness, flow, and pessimism for the 27 cyclists in the mindfulness intervention condition compared with the 20 cyclists in the control condition. Changes in mindfulness experienced by the intervention participants were positively associated with changes in flow. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that mindfulness-based interventions tailored to specific athletic pursuits can be effective in facilitating flow experiences.
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Evidence for the efficacy of MiCBT is building across different conditions, including depression, anxiety and depression in individuals with multiple sclerosis, anxiety and depression during pregnancy, sports anxiety, pain and pain self-efficacy in patients with breast cancer, and chronic pain in the general population.
“Evidence for the efficacy of MiCBT is building across different conditions, including depression, anxiety and depression in individuals with multiple sclerosis (29, 30), anxiety and depression during pregnancy (31), sports anxiety (32), pain and pain self-efficacy in patients with breast cancer (33), and chronic pain in the general population (34).”
The integration of mindfulness and acceptance exercises into sport-specific situations may be a further way to help athletes assimilate them more readily within ecological training and performance contexts.
“The integration of mindfulness and acceptance exercises into sportspecific situations may be a further way to help athletes assimilate them more readily within ecological training and performance contexts (Briegel-Jones, Knowles, Eubank, Giannoulatos, & Elliot, 2013; Scott-Hamilton, Schutte, & Brown, 2016).”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Scott-Hamilton et al., 2016
Scott-Hamilton et al. (2016) developed an integrated mindfulness-training protocol based on MiCBT, incorporating mindfulness exercises through a mindfulness-spinning exercise during stationary cycling sessions.
“They have developed an integrated mindfulness-training protocol, based on the Mindfulness-integrated Cognitive Behaviour Therapy programme (MiCBT; Cayoun, 2011). Mindfulness exercises were incorporated though a mindfulness-spinning exercise during stationary cycling sessions.”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Scott-Hamilton et al., 2016
The integrated mindfulness exercises enabled participants to observe sensations and related thoughts and foster refocusing attention in a situation resembling competition context.
“The integrated mindfulness exercises enabled the participants to observe any of their sensations (e.g., discomfort) and related-thoughts (e.g., distressing cognitions regarding discomfort), as well as to foster the skill of refocusing attention in a situation resembling a competition context (Scott-Hamilton et al., 2016).”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Scott-Hamilton et al., 2016
The MBI badminton players provided positive feedback regarding the MBI programme content, which was integrated into badminton training sessions and performance situations.
“The MBI badminton players provided positive feedback regarding the MBI programme content, which was integrated into badminton training sessions and performance situations (Baltzell, 2016; Scott-Hamilton et al., 2016).”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Scott-Hamilton et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Scott‐Hamilton, J., Schutte, N. S., & Brown, R. F.
- Affiliations
- University of New England (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Schutte, Nicola S.
- Venue
- Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-103
- ISSN
- 1758-0846 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-0854
- OpenAlex
- W2417456310
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 30.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EPubDev Repository (submittedVersion)
- RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, competitive anxiety, pessimism, flow experience, competitive cyclists, mindfulness-based interventions
- MeSH terms
- Pessimism, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Bicycling, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Athletes, Mindfulness
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