Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale
Abstract
The development process and initial validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) are presented in this study. The BPNES is a domain-specific self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of the extent to which the innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are satisfied in exercise. Two separate samples of 508 and 504 participants were employed from private fitness centers for scale calibration and validation purposes, respectively. The results demonstrated an adequate factor structure, internal consistency, generalizability of the factor dimensionality across the calibration and the validation samples, discriminant validity and predictive validity; acceptable stability of the BPNES scores over 4 weeks also was found. In addition, the scale scores were found to be largely unaffected by socially desirable responding and specifically the tendency for impression management.
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In one study, identified regulation was the only variable predicting fewer exercise relapses.
“In another study (K = 1) this regulation was the only variable predicting fewer exercise relapses [52].”
From Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [52]
The periodic finding of a positive relation between introjection and adaptive behavioral outcomes in exercise and other behavioral domains has been attributed to partial internalization of external pressures from health promotion messages or parental expectations.
“Nonetheless, the periodic finding of a positive relation between introjection and adaptive behavioral outcomes in both exercise and other behavioral domains has been attributed to the partial internalization of external pressures from, for example, health promotion messages [52] or parental expectations [71].”
From Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review (2012) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Venue
- Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 179-201
- ISSN
- 1091-367X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7841
- OpenAlex
- W1998733243
- Cited by
- 661
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 8.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-determination theory, exercise motivation, scale development, psychometric validation, impression management, social desirability bias
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