Pulling the Trigger: The Effect of a 5-Minute Slow Diaphragmatic Breathing Intervention on Psychophysiological Stress Responses and Pressurized Pistol Shooting Performance
Open accessAbstract
This study examined the effect of slow diaphragmatic breathing on psychophysiological stress responses and pressurized performance. Sixty-seven participants (40 female;Mage = 20.17 ± 2.77 years) were randomly assigned to either a diaphragmatic-breathing, paced-breathing, or control group. Participants completed a nonpressurized shooting task and then received instructions about a pressurized version. Next, the diaphragmatic group was told to breathe at 6 breaths/min, the paced group at 12 breaths/min, and the control group received no instructions. Following a 5-min intervention period, participants completed the pressurized task while performance was assessed. Psychophysiological stress responses (e.g., cognitive anxiety, heart rate) were recorded throughout. Results revealed that diaphragmatic breathing had mixed effects on stress responses, with some unaffected (e.g., heart rate) and others reduced (e.g., cognitive anxiety), and little effect on performance. Findings suggested that slow diaphragmatic breathing might not aid pressurized performance but could benefit psychological stress responses.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The other regular-paced intervention was effective, possibly due to human-guided training and its 12 bpm pace.
“The other was effective, possibly due to human-guided training and its 12 bpm pace, which may have been slow enough to engender benefits [78].”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
The Paced breathing intervention section says an investigator trained participants at 12 breaths per minute, and the Discussion says paced breathing benefited psychological stress responses. The paper does not identify human-guided training or the 12-breath pace as the reason for those benefits; that explanation remains the citing authors’ speculation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms
Shaffer, F., & Ginsberg, J. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258 · Cited by 7,185 · see citing works
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874 · see citing works
Thayer, J. F., Åhs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., & Wager, T. D. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009 · Cited by 3,224 · see citing works
Kubios HRV–heart rate variability analysis software.
Tarvainen, M. P., Niskanen, J.-P., Lipponen, J. A., Ranta-aho, P. O., & Karjalainen, P. A. (2014) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024 · Cited by 2,720 · see citing works
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213 · Cited by 2,336 · cited 6× · see citing works
“As some debate remains over which HRV metrics most accurately reflect vagal tone (Laborde et al., 2017), both time-domain (i.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004 · Cited by 2,040 · see citing works
Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018441 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
The Hawthorne effect: A reconsideration of the methodological artifact.
Adair, J. G. (1984) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.2.334 · Cited by 1,095 · cited 2× · see citing works
“conclusions regarding the benefits of the slow diaphragmatic breathing intervention (e.g., Hawthorne and placebo effects; Adair, 1984).”
BackgroundMethodSubjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal.
Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kelsey, R. M., & Leitten, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.248 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human
Russo, M. A., Santarelli, D. M., & O’Rourke, D. (2017) · Breathe · doi:10.1183/20734735.009817 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Lehrer, P. M., Vaschillo, E. G., & Vaschillo, B. (2000) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1023/a:1009554825745 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Heart rate variability and cognitive function: a systematic review
Forte, G., Favieri, F., & Casagrande, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00710 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis.
Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., & Ski, C. F. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
The hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration
Smith, R., Thayer, J. F., Khalsa, S. S., & Lane, R. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults
Ma, X., Yue, Z.-Q., Gong, Z.-Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N.-Y., Shi, Y.-T., Wei, G.-X., & Li, Y.-F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests
Baumeister, R. F., & Showers, C. J. (1986) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420160405 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.28.4.479 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
A Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes
Jones, M. V., Meijen, C., McCarthy, P. J., & Sheffield, D. (2009) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/17509840902829331 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Joseph, C. N., Porta, C., Casucci, G., Casiraghi, N., Maffeis, M., Rossi, M., & Bernardi, L. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000179581.68566.7d · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Bradley, R. T., Tomasino, D., Atkinson, M., & McCraty, R. (2009) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 363 · see citing works
A caveat on using single‐item versus multiple‐item scales
Loo, R. (2002) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940210415933 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity
Gerritsen, R. J. S., & Band, G. P. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00397 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Psychological Predictors of Television Viewing Motivation
CONWAY, J. C., & RUBIN, A. M. (1991) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365091018004001 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: a systematic review.
Noetel, M., Ciarrochi, J., Van Zanden, B., & Lonsdale, C. (2019) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1387803 · Cited by 243 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given the potential negative responses, applied practitioners teach athletes strategies to help them manage pressure more effectively (e.g., mindfulness; Noetel et al., 2019; Rumbold et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHopper, S. I., Murray, S. L., Ferrara, L. R., & Singleton, J. K. (2019) · JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003848 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Brief Mindfulness Practices for Healthcare Providers - A Systematic Literature Review.
Gilmartin, H., Goyal, A., Hamati, M. C., Mann, J., Saint, S., & Chopra, V. (2017) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.05.041 · Cited by 211 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Breathing techniques have recently gained popularity due to the pursuit of positive well-being (Gilmartin et al., 2017; Shonin et al., 2014), and many techniques have been advanced by technology (e.”
BackgroundBiofeedback and Dance Performance: A Preliminary Investigation
Raymond, J., Sajid, I. M., Parkinson, L. A., & Gruzelier, J. H. (2005) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-005-2175-x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Choking vs. Clutch Performance: A Study of Sport Performance under Pressure
Otten, M. P. (2009) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.31.5.583 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Effect of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on Sport Performance, a Systematic Review
Morgan, S. J., & Mora, J. A. M. (2017) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-017-9364-2 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Effects of yogic breath regulation: A narrative review of scientific evidence
Saoji, A. A., Raghavendra, B. R., & Manjunath, N. K. (2018) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.07.008 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The Effect of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on Performance Psychology of Basketball Players
Paul, M., & Garg, K. (2012) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9185-2 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Panic disorder and control of breathing
Nardi, A. E., Freire, R. C., & Zin, W. A. (2009) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.011 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Relative Timing Of Inspiration And Expiration Affects Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
Strauss‐Blasche, G., Moser, M., Voica, M., McLeod, D., Klammer, N., & Marktl, W. (2000) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03306.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Heart rate variability (HRV): From brain death to resonance breathing at 6 breaths per minute
Schwerdtfeger, A. R., Schwarz, G., Pfurtscheller, K., Thayer, J. F., Jarczok, M. N., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2019) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.013 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review
Gröpel, P., & Mesagno, C. (2017) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1408134 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A systematic review of stress management interventions with sport performers.
Rumbold, J. L., Fletcher, D., & Daniels, K. (2011) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026628 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Dunn, T. J., Singh, N. N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9513-2 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Yu, X., Fumoto, M., Nakatani, Y., Sekiyama, T., Kikuchi, H., Seki, Y., Sato-Suzuki, I., & Arita, H. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Hardy, L., Barlow, M., Evans, L., Rees, T., Woodman, T., & Warr, C. (2017) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.03.004 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Eddy, C. L., Herman, K. C., & Reinke, W. M. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2019.05.001 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Choking under pressure: theoretical models and interventions
Mesagno, C., & Beckmann, J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.015 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Effects of Bhramari Pranayama on health – A systematic review
Kuppusamy, M., Dilara, K., Pitani, R., Amaldas, J., & Shanmugam, P. (2017) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.02.003 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Prinsloo, G. E., Derman, W. E., Lambert, M., & Rauch, L. (2013) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-013-9210-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Lewis, G. F., Hourani, L. L., Tueller, S., Kizakevich, P. N., Bryant, S., Weimer, B., & Strange, L. B. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12455 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Champ or Chump?: Challenge and Threat States During Pressurized Competition
Moore, L. J., Wilson, M., Vine, S. J., Coussens, A., & Freeman, P. B. (2013) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.35.6.551 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationReducing Lethal Force Errors by Modulating Police Physiology
Andersen, J. P., Di Nota, P. M., Beston, B., Boychuk, E. C., Gustafsberg, H., Poplawski, S., & Arpaia, J. (2018) · Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001401 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Diaphragm postural function analysis using magnetic resonance imaging
Vostatek, P., Novák, D., Rychnovský, T., & Rychnovská, Š. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056724 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Reappraising Threat: How to Optimize Performance Under Pressure
Moore, L. J., Vine, S. J., Wilson, M., & Freeman, P. B. (2015) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2014-0186 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociations between heart rate, perceived heart rate, and anxiety during acute psychological stress
Trotman, G. P., Zanten, J. V., Davies, J., Möller, C. M., Ginty, A. T., & Williams, S. E. (2019) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1648794 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Evaluating mobile apps for breathing training: The effectiveness of visualization
Chittaro, L., & Sioni, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.049 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Lagos, L. M., Vaschillo, E. G., Vaschillo, B., Lehrer, P. M., Bates, M. E., & Pandina, R. J. (2011) · Biofeedback · doi:10.5298/1081-5937-39.1.11 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Couck, M., Caers, R., Musch, L., Fliegauf, J., Giangreco, A., & Gidron, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.02.011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability Anatomy and Physiology
Shaffer, F., & Venner, J. (2013) · Biofeedback · doi:10.5298/1081-5937-41.1.05 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Wei, L., Wang, S., Ke, L., Zhao, H., Mao, J., Li, J., & Mao, Z. (2020) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2020.1805834 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Deep Breathing Practice Facilitates Retention of Newly Learned Motor Skills
Yadav, G., & Mutha, P. K. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep37069 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Multitasking and time pressure in the operating room: impact on surgeons’ brain function
Modi, H. N., Singh, H., Darzi, A., & Leff, D. R. (2020) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000004208 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Can Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Improve Athletic Performance? A Systematic Review
Pagaduan, J. C., Chen, Y., Fell, J. W., & Wu, S. S. X. (2020) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2020-0004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Psychophysiological responses to various slow, deep breathing techniques
Gholamrezaei, A., Diest, I. V., Aziz, Q., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Oudenhove, L. V. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13712 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Trevisan, M. E., Boufleur, J., Soares, J. C., Haygert, C. J. P., Ries, L. G. K., & Corrêa, E. C. R. (2015) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.03.006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Thomas, O., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. M. (2002) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Choking under pressure: Illuminating the role of distraction and self-focus
Roberts, L. J., Jackson, M. S., & Grundy, I. H. (2017) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2017.1374432 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion
Laborde, S., Lentes, T., Hosang, T. J., Borges, U., Mosley, E., & Dosseville, F. E. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01923 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Brown, D. J. W., Arnold, R., Standage, M., & Fletcher, D. (2017) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2016-0293 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationGillespie, S. M., Brzozowski, A., & Mitchell, I. (2017) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2017.1414816 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Combat Tactical Breathing as Compared with Prolonged Exhalation
Röttger, S., Theobald, D. A., Abendroth, J., & Jacobsen, T. (2021) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-020-09485-w · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Anxiety-Induced Hyperventilation
Kaplan, N. M. (1997) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1997.00440300023002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Exploring the cognitive mechanisms of expertise in sport: Progress and prospects
Moran, A. P., Campbell, M., & Toner, J. (2019) · Psychology of Sport And Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.019 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cheng, K. S., Chang, Y. F., Han, R. P. S., & Lee, P. F. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3857 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Influence of a Single Slow-Paced Breathing Session on Cardiac Vagal Activity in Athletes
You, M., Laborde, S., Salvotti, C., Zammit, N., Mosley, E., & Dosseville, F. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00467-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The influence of self-talk on challenge and threat states and performance
Hase, A., Hood, J., Moore, L. J., & Freeman, P. B. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101550 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Breathing Adjusts to Mental and Physical Demands
Grossman, P. M., & Wientjes, C. J. E. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-67901-1_5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mosley, E., Laborde, S., & Kavanagh, E. J. (2018) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000220 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Changes in putting kinematics associated with choking and excelling under pressure.
Gray, R. C., Allsop, J. E., & Williams, S. (2013) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Meier, M., Unternäehrer, E., Schorpp, S. M., Wenzel, M., Benz, A., Bentele, U. U., Dimitroff, S. J., Denk, B., & Pruessner, J. C. (2020) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000483 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Alacreu‐Crespo, A., Costa, R., Abad‐Tortosa, D., Salvador, A., & Serrano, M. Á. (2018) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2018.1483329 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Resonant frequency training in elite sport: A case study example
Gross, M. J., Hall, R., Bringer, J. D., Cook, C. J., Kilduff, L. P., & Shearer, D. A. (2017) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2017.1287797 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Breathing Pattern Influence to the Shooting Performance
Mohamed, M. N., Norman, W. M. N. W., Linoby, A., Sariman, M. H., & Azam, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-107-7_34 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Response: Commentary: Heart rate variability and self-control–A meta-analysis
Zahn, D., Wenzel, M., & Kubiak, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01070 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hornsby, J., Johnson, B. L., Meckley, D. P., Blackley, A., Peveler, W. W., Lowes, J. N., & Dawes, J. J. (2021) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/siec4628 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Respiration biofeedback assisted controlled breathing training to enhance shooting performance
Solanky, A. (2010) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.91 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Conlon, A., Arnold, R., Preatoni, E., Payne, K.L., McEwan, D., & Moore, L.J. (2021). The effects of breathing techniques on pressurized performance and stress-responses: A systematic review (under review).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bentley, T. G. K., D’Andrea-Penna, G., Rakic, M., Arce, N., LaFaille, M., Berman, R., Cooley, K., & Sprimont, P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121612 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Laborde, S., Zammit, N., Iskra, M., Mosley, E., Borges, U., Allen, M. S., & Javelle, F. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2022.2145573 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
You, M., Laborde, S., Ackermann, S., Borges, U., Dosseville, F. E. M., & Mosley, E. (2023) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-023-09605-2 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Smartphone Enabled Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention in Dual Career Athletes
Mosley, E., Duncan, S., Jones, K., Herklots, H., Kavanagh, E., & Laborde, S. (2023) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2023.2194256 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hase, A., Nietschke, M., Kłoskowski, M., Szymański, K., Moore, L. J., Jamieson, J. P., & Behnke, M. (2024) · PubMed Central · doi:10.17179/excli2024-7995 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe health effects of diaphragmatic breathing: A systematic review
Kwon, C., Won, J., & Lee, B. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103317 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Golec, J., Gamrot, S., Michalik, M., Sulowska-Daszyk, I., Nowak, M., & Balicka-Bom, J. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152212055 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dublin, T., Giron, J., Grishko, A., Talmasky, E., Zilberstein, G., Erel, H., & Zuckerman, O. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791804
- Authors
- Conlon, A., Arnold, R., Preatoni, E., & Moore, L. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2022-06-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 206-219
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W4224943468
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- paced breathing, psychophysiological stress response, cognitive anxiety, heart rate, pistol shooting, performance under pressure, stress reduction
- MeSH terms
- Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
