First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface
Open accessAbstract
Human exploration of the Moon is associated with substantial risks to astronauts from space radiation. On the surface of the Moon, this consists of the chronic exposure to galactic cosmic rays and sporadic solar particle events. The interaction of this radiation field with the lunar soil leads to a third component that consists of neutral particles, i.e., neutrons and gamma radiation. The Lunar Lander Neutrons and Dosimetry experiment aboard China's Chang'E 4 lander has made the first ever measurements of the radiation exposure to both charged and neutral particles on the lunar surface. We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour and a neutral particle dose rate of 3.1 ± 0.5 μGy/hour.
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Recent measurements on the Lunar surface by Chang'E 4's LND indicate an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of approximately 13.2 mGy/h.
“Recent measurements on the Lunar surface taken by Chang’E 4′s Lunar Lander Neutrons and Dosimetry (LND) experiment indicate an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of approximately 13.2 mGy/h [104].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [104]
The Results section reports an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour, not 13.2 mGy/hour. The cited claim uses a unit 1,000 times larger than the reported value. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLND measurements from the lunar surface in January and February 2019 showed average dose rates for neutral particles of (3.1 ± 0.5) μGy/hour and for charged particles of (10.2 ± 0.9) μGy/hour, with neutral particles contributing 23% of the total dose.
“Accordingly, the average dose rates (corrected for the background) for neutral particles were (3.1 ± 0.5) µGy/hour and for charged particles (10.2 ± 0.9) µGy/hour; thus, the contribution of neutral particles to the total dose was 23%.”
From Medical countermeasures for the hematopoietic-subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome in space (2022) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2020
The Results report background-corrected dose rates of 3.1 ± 0.5 μGy/hour for neutral particles and 10.2 ± 1.1 μGy/hour for charged particles, with neutral particles contributing 23 ± 8% of the total. The charged-particle uncertainty is ±1.1, not the claimed ±0.9 μGy/hour. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe dose equivalent inside the International Space Station during the same period was 731 μSv/day, with galactic cosmic radiation contributing 523 μSv/day, about half of the value on the Moon's surface.
“For the further context, the authors also reported the dose equivalent inside the International Space Station (ISS) during the same time period to be 731 µSv/day with contributions of GSR of 523 µSv/day, or about half of the value on the Moon's surface.”
From Medical countermeasures for the hematopoietic-subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome in space (2022) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2020
The average radiation quality factor Q(L) based on the measured LET spectrum on the lunar surface was 4.3 ± 0.7.
“The average radiation quality factor Q(L) based on the measured LET spectrum was 4.3 ± 0.7.”
From Medical countermeasures for the hematopoietic-subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome in space (2022) · cites this paper as Zhang et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Zhang, S., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F., Yu, J., Wang, C., Fu, Q., Zou, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, C., Hou, D., Böttcher, S. I., Burmeister, S., Seimetz, L., Schuster, B., Knierim, V., Shen, G., Yuan, B., Lohf, H., Guo, J., Xu, Z., Freiherr von Forstner, J. L., Kulkarni, S. R., Xu, H., Xue, C., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Berger, T., Matthiä, D., Hellweg, C. E., Hou, X., Cao, J., Chang, Z., Zhang, B., Chen, Y., Geng, H., & Quan, Z.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
- Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, Beijing, PR China.
- China Academy of Space Technology (CN)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- China Electronics Technology Group Corporation (CN)
- Beihang University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F.
- ORCID
- Zhang, Shenyi
- Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F.
- Yu, Jia
- Wang, Chi
- Fu, Qiang
- Zou, Yongliao
- Wang, Chunqin
- Burmeister, Sönke
- Seimetz, Lars
- Knierim, Violetta
- Shen, Guohong
- Lohf, Henning
- Guo, Jingnan
- Xu, Zigong
- Freiherr von Forstner, Johan L.
- Kulkarni, Shrinivasrao R.
- Xu, Haitao
- Xue, Changbin
- Zhang, Zhe
- Zhang, He
- Berger, Thomas
- Matthiä, Daniel
- Hellweg, Christine E.
- Cao, Jinbin
- Zhang, Binquan
- Geng, Hao
- Quan, Zida
- Venue
- Science Advances
- Published
- 2020-09-25
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 39
- ISSN
- 2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7518862
- OpenAlex
- W3088372500
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 9.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Z181100002918003)
- NSFC (41941001)
- Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDPB11, QYZDB-SSW-DQC015)
- DLR (50 JR 1604)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Radiation Effects in Electronics
- Keywords
- lunar surface radiation, space radiation exposure, galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particle events, lunar regolith, neutron dose, gamma radiation, absorbed dose rate, Chang'e-4, human lunar exploration, astronaut radiation risk
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