Elemental and isotopic composition of the galactic cosmic rays
Abstract
Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-...Read More
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Space radiation is composed of high-energy charged particles ranging from protons to heavy charged nuclei larger than uranium.
“Space radiation is composed of high energy charged particles ranging in from protons (H + ) to heavy charged nuclei (HZE) larger than uranium (Badhwar, 1997;Simpson, 1983).”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Simpson, 1983
The space environment exposes astronauts to increased levels of ionizing radiation that is fundamentally different from terrestrial ionizing radiation.
“The space environment exposes astronauts to increased levels of ionizing radiation (IR) that is fundamentally different than that experienced terrestrially.”
From The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies (2022) · cites this paper as Simpson, 1983
GCR ions originate outside the solar system and consist mostly of highly energetic protons and alpha particles, with a small component of high charge and energy (HZE) nuclei moving at relativistic speeds and energies.
“GCR ions originate from outside our solar system and contain mostly highly energetic protons and alpha particles, with a small component of high charge and energy (HZE) nuclei moving at relativistic speeds and energies [1].”
From Space Radiation: The number one risk to astronaut health beyond low earth orbit (2014) · cites this paper as [1]
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Jelley, J. V., & Brown, S. C. (1959) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3060850 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
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Mars' surface radiation environment measured with the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover
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Radiation exposure in the moon environment
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The Martian surface radiation environment – a comparison of models and MSL/RAD measurements
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Guo, J., Zeitlin, C., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F., Hassler, D. M., Ehresmann, B., Rafkin, S., Freiherr von Forstner, J. L., Khaksarighiri, S., Liu, W., & Wang, Y. (2021) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00136-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Guo, J., Zeitlin, C., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F., McDole, T., Kühl, P., Appel, J. C., Matthiä, D., Krauss, J., & Köhler, J. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa085 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Ehresmann, B., Hassler, D. M., Zeitlin, C., Guo, J., Wimmer‐Schweingruber, R. F., Matthiä, D., Lohf, H., Burmeister, S., Rafkin, S. C. R., Berger, T., et al. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl077801 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Space Weather on the Surface of Mars: Impact of the September 2017 Events
Hassler, D. M., Zeitlin, C., Ehresmann, B., Wimmer‐Schweingruber, R. F., Guo, J., Matthiä, D., Rafkin, S., Berger, T., & Reitz, G. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2018sw001959 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Guo, J., Khaksarighiri, S., Wimmer‐Schweingruber, R. F., Hassler, D. M., Ehresmann, B., Zeitlin, C., Löffler, S., Matthiä, D., Berger, T., Reitz, G., et al. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl093912 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“10.1029/2021GL093912 2 of 10 protons and helium ions are modeled as they make up about 99% of the GCR atomic nuclei (Simpson, 1983).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn easy-to-use function to assess deep space radiation in human brains
Khaksarighiri, S., Guo, J., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R., & Narici, L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90695-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Simpson, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Simpson, J A
- ORCID
- Simpson, J A
- Venue
- Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1983-12
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 323-382
- ISSN
- 0163-8998 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4134
- OpenAlex
- W2119029338
- Cited by
- 724
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Nuclear physics research studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Keywords
- galactic cosmic rays, elemental composition, isotopic composition, cosmic ray nuclei
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