White Collar-1, a Circadian Blue Light Photoreceptor, Binding to the frequency Promoter
Open accessAbstract
In the fungus Neurospora crassa , the blue light photoreceptor(s) and signaling pathway(s) have not been identified. We examined light signaling by exploiting the light sensitivity of the Neurospora biological clock, specifically the rapid induction by light of the clock component frequency ( frq ). Light induction of frq is transcriptionally controlled and requires two cis-acting elements (LREs) in the frq promoter. Both LREs are bound by a White Collar–1 (WC-1)/White Collar–2 (WC-2)–containing complex (WCC), and light causes decreased mobility of the WCC bound to the LREs. The use of in vitro–translated WC-1 and WC-2 confirmed that WC-1, with flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor, is the blue light photoreceptor that mediates light input to the circadian system through direct binding (with WC-2) to the frq promoter.
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N. crassa WC-1 may also be a UV-responsive protein and function like C. neoformans in protecting the fungus from UV damage.
“These data suggest that N. crassa WC-1 may also be a UV-responsive protein and function like C. neoformans in protecting the fungus from UV damage.”
From Light Controls Growth and Development via a Conserved Pathway in the Fungal Kingdom (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
The action-spectrum discussion (Fig. 4B; page not provided) says Neurospora light sensitivity extends into the UV, and the paper identifies WC-1 as a light photoreceptor. It does not show that WC-1 protects Neurospora from UV damage or establish a protective function analogous to one in C. neoformans. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWC-1-FAD or the chromophore FAD alone show two equal excitation peaks, one at 370 nm (UV) and one at 450 nm (blue), overlapping the physiological action spectra.
“In particular, the action spectra from physiological data overlap with the properties of the WC-1 protein purified from N. crassa cells, as WC-1-FAD or the chromophore FAD alone show two equal excitation peaks, one at 370 nm (UV) and one at 450 nm (blue) [11,12].”
From Light Controls Growth and Development via a Conserved Pathway in the Fungal Kingdom (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
Figure 4B reports an in vitro sensitivity peak at approximately 455–470 nm and says the response resembles the in vivo action spectrum. Figure 5 reports that FAD makes in vitro-expressed WC-1 light-sensitive. The paper does not report two equal excitation peaks at 370 and 450 nm for WC-1–FAD or FAD alone, or an excitation spectrum measured from WC-1 purified from N. crassa cells. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“crassa cells, as WC-1-FAD or the chromophore FAD alone show two equal excitation peaks, one at 370 nm (UV) and one at 450 nm (blue) [11,12].”
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- Authors
- Froehlich, A. C., Liu, Y., Loros, J. J., & Dunlap, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Froehlich, Allan C.
- Liu, Yi
- Loros, Jennifer J.
- Dunlap, Jay C.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2002-08-02
- Volume
- 297
- Issue
- 5582
- Pages
- 815-819
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1980988105
- Cited by
- 520
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 44651, R01MH044651)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R37GM34985, R37GM034985)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Keywords
- white collar-1, blue-light photoreceptor, Neurospora crassa, circadian clock, transcriptional regulation, light signaling
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Color, DNA-Binding Proteins, DNA, Fungal, Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide, Flavin Mononucleotide, Fungal Proteins, Light, Neurospora crassa, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Binding, RNA, Fungal, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Transcriptional Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Gene Deletion, Response Elements, Photoreceptors, Microbial
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