Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis, and Population Genetics of the Domestic Horse
Open accessAbstract
A Horse Is a Horse, of Course: The history of horse domestication is closely tied to the history of the human society. Wade et al. (p. 865 ) report on the sequencing and provide a single nucleotide polymorphism map of the horse ( Equus caballus ) genome. Horses are a member of the order perissodactyla (odd-toed animals with hooves). The analysis reveals an evolutionarily new centromere on equine chromosome 11 that displays properties of an immature but fully functioning centromere and is devoid of centromeric satellite sequence. The findings clarify the nature of genetic diversity within and across horse breeds and suggest that the horse was domesticated from a relatively large number of females, but few males.
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The heterozygosity rate of the sequenced yak was 0.89 × 10^-3, approximately 1.5 times higher than that estimated for cattle (0.59 × 10^-3).
“The heterozygosity rate (0.89 × 10 -3 ) was approximately 1.5 times higher than that estimated for cattle (0.59 × 10 -3 ) (refs.10,13).”
From The yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
The horse genome paper’s Abstract discusses horse SNPs and compares some horse findings with bovine findings, but does not report a yak heterozygosity rate. Searches for yak heterozygosity and the stated cattle rate found neither the 0.89 × 10^-3 nor the 0.59 × 10^-3 estimate in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Wade, C. M., Giulotto, E., Sigurdsson, S., Zoli, M., Gnerre, S., Imsland, F., Lear, T. L., Adelson, D. L., Bailey, E., Bellone, R. R., Blöcker, H., Distl, O., Edgar, R. C., Garber, M., Leeb, T., Mauceli, E., MacLeod, J. N., Penedo, M. C. T., Raison, J. M., Sharpe, T., Vogel, J., Andersson, L., Antczak, D. F., Biagi, T., Binns, M. M., Chowdhary, B. P., Coleman, S. J., Della Valle, G., Fryc, S., Guérin, G., Hasegawa, T., Hill, E. W., Jurka, J., Kiialainen, A., Lindgren, G., Liu, J., Magnani, E., Mickelson, J. R., Murray, J., Nergadze, S. G., Onofrio, R., Pedroni, S., Piras, M. F., Raudsepp, T., Rocchi, M., Røed, K. H., Ryder, O. A., Searle, S., Skow, L., Swinburne, J. E., Syvänen, A. C., Tozaki, T., Valberg, S. J., Vaudin, M., White, J. R., Zody, M. C., Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform, Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team, Lander, E. S., & Lindblad-Toh, K.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- University of Tampa (US)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (DE)
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (DE)
- 45 Monterey Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA.
- University of Bern (CH)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Cornell University (US)
- Royal Veterinary College (GB)
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (FR)
- Japan Racing Association (JP)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Genetic Information Research Institute (US)
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Animal Health Trust (GB)
- Laboratory of Racing Chemistry (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Wade, C. M.
- ORCID
- Wade, C. M.
- Giulotto, E.
- Zoli, M.
- Imsland, F.
- Adelson, D. L.
- Bailey, E.
- Bellone, R. R.
- Distl, O.
- Edgar, R. C.
- Garber, M.
- Leeb, T.
- MacLeod, J. N.
- Penedo, M. C. T.
- Raison, J. M.
- Andersson, L.
- Antczak, D. F.
- Coleman, S. J.
- Hill, E. W.
- Kiialainen, A.
- Lindgren, G.
- Liu, J.
- Mickelson, J. R.
- Murray, J.
- Nergadze, S. G.
- Raudsepp, T.
- Rocchi, M.
- Røed, K. H.
- Ryder, O. A.
- Skow, L.
- Tozaki, T.
- Valberg, S. J.
- Zody, M. C.
- Lander, E. S.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-11-06
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 5954
- Pages
- 865-867
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3785132
- OpenAlex
- W2032367243
- Cited by
- 822
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 88.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1810404, W81XWH, W81XWH1810440, W81XWH2010595, W81XWH-18, W81XWH1910668)
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IBX004121A)
- Cancer Research Institute (18/SPP/3522)
- Breast Cancer Research Foundation (CCRC13GAL, 17–194, CA116201)
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- AstraZeneca (18/SPP/3522)
- Gilead Sciences
- Susan G. Komen
- Wellcome Trust (098051)
- Irish Research eLibrary
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK/07/012, C45982/A21808, A21808, CA116201)
- European Commission (860627, HORIZON2020, CA116201)
- National Breast Cancer Foundation (CA116201, EC-17-001)
- Higher Education Authority
- Irish Cancer Society ((CCRC13GAL))
- Science Foundation Ireland (18/SPP/3522, 15/IA/3104, 15/IA/)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR‐19, ANR-19-P3IA-0001, ANR-17, ANR-17-CONV-0005, CA116201)
- Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport
- Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning
- KU Leuven
- Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer
- Ligue Contre le Cancer (CA116201)
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (UH3CA225021, U24CA215109)
- KWF Kankerbestrijding (CA116201)
- National Institutes of Health (CA11620 1, 1u54ca254566-01, -0001, W81XWH, 1r33ca263705-01, CA196521, CA225655, DK124165, P50 CA247749 01, CA224319)
- Medical Research Council (CA116201)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W02909X/1)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1162318, 1193630)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21102, 21K06909)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (U54HG003067)
- National Cancer Institute (CA247749, UH3CA225021, R01CA216579, 1U54CA254566‐01, P50-CA247749-01, CA-116201, CA196521, U01CA239055, R01CA208236, DK124165, R01CA202752, R01CA220581, R01CA268207-01A1, U24CA215109,, R37CA225655, P50CA247749, R01CA268287A1, CA224319, R01CA257612, R01CA249992, P50CA116201, U01CA269181)
- DOD Prostate Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-21-1-0160, W81XWH-20-1-0851)
- DOD Peer Reviewed Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-21-1-0160, W81XWH‐21‐1‐0345, W81XWH-18-1-0440, W81XWH-18-1-0404)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Equine › Veterinary Equine Medical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- horses, horse genome, comparative genomics, karyotype evolution, synteny, centromere evolution, centromeric satellite DNA, linkage disequilibrium, domestication, haplotype sharing, horse breeds, population genetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Centromere, Chromosome Mapping, Dogs, Female, Genes, Haplotypes, Horses, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Genome, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Computational Biology, Synteny, Chromosomes, Mammalian, DNA Copy Number Variations
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