The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory
Abstract
During a short-term memory task, pupil diameter is a measure of the amount of material which is under active processing at any time. The pupil dilates as the material is presented and constricts during report. The rate of change of these functions is related to task difficulty.
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In the citing paper
“Kahneman and Beatty (Kahneman and Beatty 1966) established that 'anything that increases the brain's processing load will dilate the pupil.'”
From Human-Clinical AI Agent Collaboration (2025) · cites this paper as Kahneman and Beatty 1966
In the citing paper
“we identify a fundamental mismatch between the dynamic nature of human cognition and the static interaction patterns of current Clinical AI systems.”
From Human-Clinical AI Agent Collaboration (2025) · cites this paper as Kahneman and Beatty 1966
In the citing paper
“Fifty years of research demonstrates that pupil dilation reliably indicates cognitive load when controlling for luminance and accommodation.”
From Human-Clinical AI Agent Collaboration (2025) · cites this paper as Kahneman and Beatty 1966
In the citing paper
“In general, when a participant reads a question or is presented with a problem to solve, his/ her pupil diameter increases steadily until he/she provides an answer, at which point the pupil diameter decreases again (Kahneman and Beatty 1966).”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Kahneman and Beatty 1966
Citations
Cites
Broadbent, D. E. (1958) · doi:10.1037/10037-000 · Cited by 4,337
Pupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving
Hess, E. H., & Polt, J. M. (1964) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.143.3611.1190 · Cited by 1,169
Pupil Size as Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli
Hess, E. H., & Polt, J. M. (1960) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.132.3423.349 · Cited by 899
Hess, E. H. (1965) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0465-46 · Cited by 515
Cardiovascular Differentiation of Sensory Stimuli
Obrist, P. A. (1963) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196309000-00005 · Cited by 92
ALPERN, M. B., Mason, G. L., & Jardinico, R. E. (1961) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(61)90900-x · Cited by 65
Interference, rehearsal, and short-term retention of digits.
Pollack, I. W. (1963) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0083279 · Cited by 19
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- KAGAN, J, MERRILLPALMER Q 11: 95 (1965).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources.
Beatty, J. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.276 · Cited by 1,959
Self-citationJoshi, S., Li, Y., Kalwani, R. M., & Gold, J. I. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.028 · Cited by 1,387
An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance
Kurzban, R., Duckworth, A., Kable, J. W., & Myers, J. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003196 · Cited by 1,381
Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control
Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)44005-x · Cited by 1,104
Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort
Shenhav, A., Musslick, S., Lieder, F., Kool, W., Griffiths, T. L., Cohen, J. D., & Botvinick, M. M. (2017) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526 · Cited by 1,077
Metadata
- Authors
- Kahneman, D., & Beatty, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1966-12-23
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 3756
- Pages
- 1583-1585
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1976339519
- Cited by
- 1,617
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 9.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- pupil size, short-term memory, memory load, pupil dilation, miosis, task difficulty, active processing, visual attention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Memory, Pupil
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